Academic or ‘zoombie’? Characterizing sleep quality, work and lifestyle behaviours among a cohort of South African academic staff during the Covid-19 pandemic
- Authors: Le Grange, Sarah-Ann
- Date: 2022-04-06
- Subjects: Sleep-wake cycle South Africa Eastern Cape , Sleep Physiological aspects , Lifestyles Health aspects South Africa Eastern Cape , COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020- Influence , Work environment Psychological aspects , Work environment Physiological aspects , College teachers Workload South Africa Eastern Cape , Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/291099 , vital:56818
- Description: Working in academe is characterized by high work demands, long and late working hours and balancing multiple roles. This often leaves academic staff (interchangeably referred to as ‘academics’ and ‘staff’) with limited time to prioritize adequate rest and sleep. While sufficient sleep is important for general well-being and work performance, it may be important for academics given the cognitive and interactive nature of their work. However, limited research has characterized sleep behaviours and sleep quality in academic staff globally and specifically in South Africa (SA). Further, research shows that academics from different academic ranks and genders differ in their work experiences but less is known about whether these factors affect their sleep and lifestyle factors. Over and above the demands of academic work, the current study was conducted during COVID-19, which saw unprecedented change in workloads for academic staff due to online teaching and learning. Additionally, the pandemic has been associated with poorer sleep quality and lifestyle behaviours in the general population, but very few studies have explored this in the context of academics. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the sleep quality, work and lifestyle factors among academics from a university in the Eastern Cape province of SA and determine the effects of gender and academic rank on these measures. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the impact of COVID-19 on sleep and work-related factors of this group. This study adopted a cross-sectional design and made use of an online questionnaire that was distributed to all academics employed at the institution via email. The data collection occurred over an 8-week testing period between August and September of 2020. The questionnaire explored sociodemographic, work and lifestyle characteristics, while the characteristics of sleep and sleep quality were explored with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Additionally, an open-ended section was included to determine the impact of COVID-19-related changes on sleep and work. The questionnaire responses were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics and the open-ended questions were analyzed with thematic analyses. A total of 84 respondents completed the questionnaire. On average, sleep quality was poor (global score of 7.09 ± 3.8), the reported sleep duration was short (6.41 ± 1.06 hrs) and the group was classified as overweight according to median BMI (26.67 [23.8-2 29.45] kg/m2). Over a third (35.71%) of academic staff reported not meeting physical activity guidelines and reported using screens one hour prior to bed every night during the week (76.19%) and the weekend (67.88%). Staff also worked long total weekly work hours (54.25 ± 11). Female academics had a poorer sleep quality (p = 0.035), spent a longer time in bed (p = 0.04), experienced more bad dreams (p = <0.01), had their last serving of alcohol earlier (p = 0.04) and worked less weekday (p = 0.04) and less total weekly (p = 0.02) hours compared to male academics. Professorship-level academics were significantly older than junior- and senior-level academics (p = <0.01) while senior-level academics had a poorer PSQI compared to professorship-level academics (p = 0.03). The thematic analysis showed that home environment, neighbourhood noise, work and mental health were the main emerging factors that disturbed sleep. The thematic analysis showed that, in relation to the impact of COVID19, sleep schedules changed and sleep duration and sleep quality improved or got worse. Respondents reported their work hours increasing, work schedules becoming less routine while working from home, dealing with the challenges of working online and experiencing worry, stress and anxiety due to the pandemic. The study highlights that, in the context of lockdown and having to work and teach online from home, academics reported poor quality sleep and short sleep duration. Further, on average, the sample reported working extensive hours and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. The sleep health, nature of work and overall lifestyles of academic staff deserves more research attention, given the importance of their work and the impact that inadequate sleep could have on academics’ health and work performance. Sleep quality was worse for females and mid-career academics, suggesting that their sleep quality may be at greater risk than other sub-groups. However, the reasons for these differences need to be explored in future studies. The findings contribute to the narrative that academe involves numerous demands and supports previous research that has suggested that academics’ sleep is insufficient. Furthermore, COVID-19 had an impact on staff’s sleep, with staff reporting changes in their sleep quality and duration. The pandemic impacted work of academics by presenting novel demands related to online teaching, intensifying demands overall and disrupting work routines. However, future research is needed to understand academics’ sleep behaviours, work and lifestyles, especially in South Africa. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-06
- Authors: Le Grange, Sarah-Ann
- Date: 2022-04-06
- Subjects: Sleep-wake cycle South Africa Eastern Cape , Sleep Physiological aspects , Lifestyles Health aspects South Africa Eastern Cape , COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020- Influence , Work environment Psychological aspects , Work environment Physiological aspects , College teachers Workload South Africa Eastern Cape , Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/291099 , vital:56818
- Description: Working in academe is characterized by high work demands, long and late working hours and balancing multiple roles. This often leaves academic staff (interchangeably referred to as ‘academics’ and ‘staff’) with limited time to prioritize adequate rest and sleep. While sufficient sleep is important for general well-being and work performance, it may be important for academics given the cognitive and interactive nature of their work. However, limited research has characterized sleep behaviours and sleep quality in academic staff globally and specifically in South Africa (SA). Further, research shows that academics from different academic ranks and genders differ in their work experiences but less is known about whether these factors affect their sleep and lifestyle factors. Over and above the demands of academic work, the current study was conducted during COVID-19, which saw unprecedented change in workloads for academic staff due to online teaching and learning. Additionally, the pandemic has been associated with poorer sleep quality and lifestyle behaviours in the general population, but very few studies have explored this in the context of academics. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the sleep quality, work and lifestyle factors among academics from a university in the Eastern Cape province of SA and determine the effects of gender and academic rank on these measures. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the impact of COVID-19 on sleep and work-related factors of this group. This study adopted a cross-sectional design and made use of an online questionnaire that was distributed to all academics employed at the institution via email. The data collection occurred over an 8-week testing period between August and September of 2020. The questionnaire explored sociodemographic, work and lifestyle characteristics, while the characteristics of sleep and sleep quality were explored with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Additionally, an open-ended section was included to determine the impact of COVID-19-related changes on sleep and work. The questionnaire responses were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics and the open-ended questions were analyzed with thematic analyses. A total of 84 respondents completed the questionnaire. On average, sleep quality was poor (global score of 7.09 ± 3.8), the reported sleep duration was short (6.41 ± 1.06 hrs) and the group was classified as overweight according to median BMI (26.67 [23.8-2 29.45] kg/m2). Over a third (35.71%) of academic staff reported not meeting physical activity guidelines and reported using screens one hour prior to bed every night during the week (76.19%) and the weekend (67.88%). Staff also worked long total weekly work hours (54.25 ± 11). Female academics had a poorer sleep quality (p = 0.035), spent a longer time in bed (p = 0.04), experienced more bad dreams (p = <0.01), had their last serving of alcohol earlier (p = 0.04) and worked less weekday (p = 0.04) and less total weekly (p = 0.02) hours compared to male academics. Professorship-level academics were significantly older than junior- and senior-level academics (p = <0.01) while senior-level academics had a poorer PSQI compared to professorship-level academics (p = 0.03). The thematic analysis showed that home environment, neighbourhood noise, work and mental health were the main emerging factors that disturbed sleep. The thematic analysis showed that, in relation to the impact of COVID19, sleep schedules changed and sleep duration and sleep quality improved or got worse. Respondents reported their work hours increasing, work schedules becoming less routine while working from home, dealing with the challenges of working online and experiencing worry, stress and anxiety due to the pandemic. The study highlights that, in the context of lockdown and having to work and teach online from home, academics reported poor quality sleep and short sleep duration. Further, on average, the sample reported working extensive hours and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. The sleep health, nature of work and overall lifestyles of academic staff deserves more research attention, given the importance of their work and the impact that inadequate sleep could have on academics’ health and work performance. Sleep quality was worse for females and mid-career academics, suggesting that their sleep quality may be at greater risk than other sub-groups. However, the reasons for these differences need to be explored in future studies. The findings contribute to the narrative that academe involves numerous demands and supports previous research that has suggested that academics’ sleep is insufficient. Furthermore, COVID-19 had an impact on staff’s sleep, with staff reporting changes in their sleep quality and duration. The pandemic impacted work of academics by presenting novel demands related to online teaching, intensifying demands overall and disrupting work routines. However, future research is needed to understand academics’ sleep behaviours, work and lifestyles, especially in South Africa. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-06
An ergonomics study of orthotics and prosthetics workshops in the Eastern Cape of South Africa
- Authors: Mgibantaka, Aviwe Sihle
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Orthopedic apparatus industry South Africa Eastern Cape Administration , Prosthesis industry South Africa Eastern Cape Administration , Prosthetists Health and hygiene South Africa Eastern Cape , Prosthetists Job stress South Africa Eastern Cape , Work environment Psychological aspects , Industrial hygiene South Africa Eastern Cape , Human engineering South Africa Eastern Cape , Industrial safety South Africa Eastern Cape , Posture Health aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/192108 , vital:45196
- Description: The South African healthcare system is under pressure due to inequalities inherited from the Apartheid system of the past, as well as more recent maladministration. These problems are particularly evident in the Eastern Cape province, which is considered the second poorest province in the country. Furthermore, the rehabilitation sector within healthcare is struggling for recognition in both the public and private healthcare sectors. Orthotists and prosthetists (O&Ps) form an important service in the greater rehabilitation sector since they provide an essential service for people living with disabilities, thus enabling them to function independently. Limited literature and anecdotal evidence suggest that O&Ps perform strenuous physical work under sub-optimal environmental conditions. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that the contextual influences of a struggling healthcare system such as lack or resources, poor referral systems, staff shortages and poor working environments may create a lot of challenges for O&Ps that can impact O&P’s health and well-being and work performance. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the systemic challenges and enablers facing orthotists and prosthetists working in the Eastern Cape of South Africa and thus also evaluate the impact on their health and well-being as well as their job performance. Furthermore, this thesis aimed to compare the work system of O&Ps working in the public with that of O&Ps in the private sector. Methods: A quantitative research method was chosen for this study. Data were collected using a descriptive questionnaire-based approach aimed at identifying the socio-technical interactions in the work systems of O&Ps in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. This study was approved by the Rhodes University Ethical Standards Committee. The questionnaire was created in Google forms and the link to the online form was sent to Medical O&Ps and Orthopaedic Footwear Technicians using instant messaging (WhatsApp). Two hard copies were also handed out. Data were analysed using StatSoft Statistica Software (version 13.4.0.14 by TIBCO Software Inc.). Descriptive, parametric, content and correlation analyses were conducted. Significant findings were identified at p<0.05. Results: The study received 43 respondents working in both the public and private health sectors, of which 53.5% were males and 46.5% females. The mean age of the respondents was 34.38 years with a coefficient of variation of 19.45%. Majority of respondents (68.9%) worked in the public sector, with the remainder working in the private sector, or sharing their time between both healthcare sectors. Generally, respondents were satisfied with the organizational structure of their workplaces and their work environments. Work demands were identified by respondents from both sectors as an area of concern as tasks performed by O&Ps entailed physical strength, prolonged standing, awkward postures, and repetitive movements. Furthermore, there were some concerns about lighting and noise being unfavourable in some of the workshops. For all the system components, the standard deviations had a low dispersion of less than 1.0 from the mean. The lowest dispersion was 0.63 and the highest dispersion from the mean was 0.99. The analysis using the general linear models option revealed a significant difference between the scores of the work system components (p=0.03). The subsequent Tukey post-hoc test revealed a significant difference in the mean rating scores between the “Environment” and “Work demands”, with a p-value of 0.03. There was discontentment from respondents working in both sectors with their work productivity as the public health sector respondents were 64.52% content; private sector respondents were 68.89% content, and respondents working in both sectors were only 56.67% content. When comparing the responses between O&Ps working in the different sectors, respondents working both sectors were unhappy with the provision of tools, machines, and materials, with 56.25% of the respondents working in the public health sector being less happy than the 61.11% working in the private health sector and the 63.19% working in both the private and public health sectors. Respondents had concerns regarding health and well-being with 60.60% of respondents working in both the public and private health sectors and experiencing more challenges than the 61.05% in the public and 67.24% in the private health sectors, respectively. Correlation analyses revealed very high positive correlations between the system components and the system outcomes. Conclusion: The biggest issue emerging from this study was work demands as O&Ps work is physically demanding. O&Ps had to do a lot of manual handling, heavy load lifting, endure repetitive and vibration movements, prolonged standing and bending in awkward postures to complete tasks. The results from this study indicate that the private health sector is better equipped in terms of the work environment, machines than the public healthcare sector. The finding from this study can be used to improve the factors that enable O&Ps’ job performance and come up with possible solutions to the challenges O&Ps face in their jobs. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
- Authors: Mgibantaka, Aviwe Sihle
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Orthopedic apparatus industry South Africa Eastern Cape Administration , Prosthesis industry South Africa Eastern Cape Administration , Prosthetists Health and hygiene South Africa Eastern Cape , Prosthetists Job stress South Africa Eastern Cape , Work environment Psychological aspects , Industrial hygiene South Africa Eastern Cape , Human engineering South Africa Eastern Cape , Industrial safety South Africa Eastern Cape , Posture Health aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/192108 , vital:45196
- Description: The South African healthcare system is under pressure due to inequalities inherited from the Apartheid system of the past, as well as more recent maladministration. These problems are particularly evident in the Eastern Cape province, which is considered the second poorest province in the country. Furthermore, the rehabilitation sector within healthcare is struggling for recognition in both the public and private healthcare sectors. Orthotists and prosthetists (O&Ps) form an important service in the greater rehabilitation sector since they provide an essential service for people living with disabilities, thus enabling them to function independently. Limited literature and anecdotal evidence suggest that O&Ps perform strenuous physical work under sub-optimal environmental conditions. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that the contextual influences of a struggling healthcare system such as lack or resources, poor referral systems, staff shortages and poor working environments may create a lot of challenges for O&Ps that can impact O&P’s health and well-being and work performance. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the systemic challenges and enablers facing orthotists and prosthetists working in the Eastern Cape of South Africa and thus also evaluate the impact on their health and well-being as well as their job performance. Furthermore, this thesis aimed to compare the work system of O&Ps working in the public with that of O&Ps in the private sector. Methods: A quantitative research method was chosen for this study. Data were collected using a descriptive questionnaire-based approach aimed at identifying the socio-technical interactions in the work systems of O&Ps in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. This study was approved by the Rhodes University Ethical Standards Committee. The questionnaire was created in Google forms and the link to the online form was sent to Medical O&Ps and Orthopaedic Footwear Technicians using instant messaging (WhatsApp). Two hard copies were also handed out. Data were analysed using StatSoft Statistica Software (version 13.4.0.14 by TIBCO Software Inc.). Descriptive, parametric, content and correlation analyses were conducted. Significant findings were identified at p<0.05. Results: The study received 43 respondents working in both the public and private health sectors, of which 53.5% were males and 46.5% females. The mean age of the respondents was 34.38 years with a coefficient of variation of 19.45%. Majority of respondents (68.9%) worked in the public sector, with the remainder working in the private sector, or sharing their time between both healthcare sectors. Generally, respondents were satisfied with the organizational structure of their workplaces and their work environments. Work demands were identified by respondents from both sectors as an area of concern as tasks performed by O&Ps entailed physical strength, prolonged standing, awkward postures, and repetitive movements. Furthermore, there were some concerns about lighting and noise being unfavourable in some of the workshops. For all the system components, the standard deviations had a low dispersion of less than 1.0 from the mean. The lowest dispersion was 0.63 and the highest dispersion from the mean was 0.99. The analysis using the general linear models option revealed a significant difference between the scores of the work system components (p=0.03). The subsequent Tukey post-hoc test revealed a significant difference in the mean rating scores between the “Environment” and “Work demands”, with a p-value of 0.03. There was discontentment from respondents working in both sectors with their work productivity as the public health sector respondents were 64.52% content; private sector respondents were 68.89% content, and respondents working in both sectors were only 56.67% content. When comparing the responses between O&Ps working in the different sectors, respondents working both sectors were unhappy with the provision of tools, machines, and materials, with 56.25% of the respondents working in the public health sector being less happy than the 61.11% working in the private health sector and the 63.19% working in both the private and public health sectors. Respondents had concerns regarding health and well-being with 60.60% of respondents working in both the public and private health sectors and experiencing more challenges than the 61.05% in the public and 67.24% in the private health sectors, respectively. Correlation analyses revealed very high positive correlations between the system components and the system outcomes. Conclusion: The biggest issue emerging from this study was work demands as O&Ps work is physically demanding. O&Ps had to do a lot of manual handling, heavy load lifting, endure repetitive and vibration movements, prolonged standing and bending in awkward postures to complete tasks. The results from this study indicate that the private health sector is better equipped in terms of the work environment, machines than the public healthcare sector. The finding from this study can be used to improve the factors that enable O&Ps’ job performance and come up with possible solutions to the challenges O&Ps face in their jobs. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
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