Movement ecology of a West African sciaenid fish, Argyrosomus coronus, in southern Angola
- Authors: Parkinson, Matthew Cameron
- Date: 2023-10-13
- Subjects: Argyrosomus coronus Benguela Current Geographical distribution , Underwater acoustic telemetry , Fisheries Benguela Current , Fish populations , Spatio-temporal dynamics , Spatial ecology
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/432203 , vital:72851 , DOI 10.21504/10962/432203
- Description: Argyrosomus coronus is a large sciaenid species with a primary distribution between Cape Frio, in Namibia, and Luanda, in Angola, where it exists as a panmictic stock. Early juveniles (< 300 mm TL) occur on muddy offshore substrata (50–80 m deep) and at one year of age they recruit into the inshore zone. Adults are thought to predominantly occur inshore. Spawning occurs in the species during late spring. The species is heavily targeted by the recreational, subsistence, artisanal and commercial fisheries as juveniles through to adults and there are signs of population decline with declines in catch per unit effort (CPUE) and maximum size. A basic understanding of their movement ecology has emerged from previous studies, based on conventional tagging (mark-recapture) and CPUE monitoring from a shore-based recreational fishery. Juveniles were thought to be resident, with larger fish undertaking long distance migration southward in the austral summer and returning during the austral winter. In addition to the fishery-related threats faced by the species, the southern Angolan region has been identified to be an ocean warming hotspot, and this has been linked to a southward distribution shift and the recent hybridisation of A. coronus with its congener A. inodorus, in Namibia. This study aims to expand the knowledge of the movement ecology of A. coronus and to interrogate our current understanding of the movement patterns of the species using passive acoustic telemetry. Passive acoustic receivers were deployed at three study sites, Flamingo, where all tagging occurred, which lies ~ 200 km north of the Angolan border with Namibia, is a relatively exposed stretch of coastline; Tombua Bay, which lies 30 km south of Flamingo, is a small, sheltered natural embayment; and Baia dos Tigres, which lies 100 km south of Tombua Bay, is a sheltered lagoon in the lee of an island ~ 10 km from the mainland. Tagging occurred in two batches, one year apart. In the first batch, sub-adults (n = 3) and adults (n = 17) were tagged and monitored for two years. In the second batch, juveniles (n = 7) and sub-adults (n = 3) were tagged and monitored for one year. The first objective of this thesis (Chapter 3) was to examine the spatio-temporal dynamics of A. coronus at a regional-level (across study sites, to investigate the prevalence of the longshore migration), and at a local-level (within a study site), and to categorise the movement behaviour of juveniles, sub-adults and adults. Traditional seasons were not used in this thesis, as the study region alternates between ‘warm’ periods (up to ~ 26 °C mean daily water temperature), when Angola Current water covers the area, and ‘cold’ periods (down to ~ 15 °C mean daily water temperature), when Benguela Current water covers the area. A high degree of residency of tagged fish to the Flamingo study site, where tagging was conducted, was found, with juveniles and sub-adults never being detected outside of the Flamingo study site. Five adults (29 %) were detected haphazardly for between one and 36 days at Tombua Bay, following which they were typically detected again at the Flamingo study site. No fish were ever detected at the southernmost site, Baia dos Tigres, suggesting that none migrated to Namibia. Within the Flamingo study site, adults were found to group at the inshore mid-region of the study site during ‘cold’ periods, dispersing again during ‘warm’ periods, when there was a concomitant offshore shift in their area use. This explained the absence of the species from catches in the shore-based recreational fishery during ‘warm’ periods. These results challenge previous migration hypotheses for the species. Therefore, longshore return migrations which were evident from previously conducted conventional tagging, are probably not the norm for the species, but likely occur at a low frequency. The species exhibited a high degree of residency to their tagging site, despite the drastic seasonal changes in water temperatures and station-keeping was the dominant behaviour across all life stages. The constrained area-use noted in this study, relative to the known distribution of the species, suggests that A. coronus exists as a metapopulation, consisting of a network of subpopulations interconnected by gene flow that is most likely facilitated during their pelagic egg and larval phase. The second objective of this thesis was to examine the group formation observed at the Flamingo study site during ‘cold’ periods (Chapter 4). While this grouping of individuals was found to be correlated with water temperature, it was unlikely to be a causal relationship, as the water temperature was not dissimilar to adjacent areas. The area where individuals were concentrated is known to frequently attract large shoals of their dominant prey, Sardinella aurita. While the timing of this group formation aligns with a pre-spawning period, no studies have assessed the existence of local spawning. A. coronus were, however, likely utilising an abundant prey source, during the important pre-spawning period, in order to build up energy reserves. Group formation is a common feature of sciaenids, but literature on the subject is restricted to spawning congregations. Fish are not only more vulnerable to capture during these periods but may also be disturbed during these potentially important social periods. The third objective of this thesis was to investigate the presence of sociality in the species (Chapter 5). Evidence for sociality during and outside the seasonal group formation was explored using network analyses. There was evidence for sociality, with several groups, characterized by co-locations among individuals, identified. While these groups were fluid through time, there was evidence of persistent sociality, with two individuals in particular being consistently co-located over the entire study period. Due to the persistent nature of sociality, group foraging is suggested as an explanation for this, with anecdotal evidence of coordinated hunting supporting this. Acoustic telemetry vastly improved the knowledge of the movement ecology of A. coronus. Despite their panmictic population genetic structure, they were found to be largely resident, likely occurring as a metapopulation across their distribution, with egg and larval dispersal likely the primary mechanism for maintaining panmixia. Evidence for sociality was also found, which was previously unexplored in the species. The persistent nature of social groupings throughout the year, suggests that it may be linked with group foraging and is supported by anecdotal evidence of coordinated hunting by the species. While this study highlights the value of acoustic telemetry in studying movement ecology, it also shows the importance of drawing on multiple methods to fully understand a species’ spatial ecology, including mark-recapture, population genetics, and fishery catch and effort data. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2023
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2023-10-13
- Authors: Parkinson, Matthew Cameron
- Date: 2023-10-13
- Subjects: Argyrosomus coronus Benguela Current Geographical distribution , Underwater acoustic telemetry , Fisheries Benguela Current , Fish populations , Spatio-temporal dynamics , Spatial ecology
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/432203 , vital:72851 , DOI 10.21504/10962/432203
- Description: Argyrosomus coronus is a large sciaenid species with a primary distribution between Cape Frio, in Namibia, and Luanda, in Angola, where it exists as a panmictic stock. Early juveniles (< 300 mm TL) occur on muddy offshore substrata (50–80 m deep) and at one year of age they recruit into the inshore zone. Adults are thought to predominantly occur inshore. Spawning occurs in the species during late spring. The species is heavily targeted by the recreational, subsistence, artisanal and commercial fisheries as juveniles through to adults and there are signs of population decline with declines in catch per unit effort (CPUE) and maximum size. A basic understanding of their movement ecology has emerged from previous studies, based on conventional tagging (mark-recapture) and CPUE monitoring from a shore-based recreational fishery. Juveniles were thought to be resident, with larger fish undertaking long distance migration southward in the austral summer and returning during the austral winter. In addition to the fishery-related threats faced by the species, the southern Angolan region has been identified to be an ocean warming hotspot, and this has been linked to a southward distribution shift and the recent hybridisation of A. coronus with its congener A. inodorus, in Namibia. This study aims to expand the knowledge of the movement ecology of A. coronus and to interrogate our current understanding of the movement patterns of the species using passive acoustic telemetry. Passive acoustic receivers were deployed at three study sites, Flamingo, where all tagging occurred, which lies ~ 200 km north of the Angolan border with Namibia, is a relatively exposed stretch of coastline; Tombua Bay, which lies 30 km south of Flamingo, is a small, sheltered natural embayment; and Baia dos Tigres, which lies 100 km south of Tombua Bay, is a sheltered lagoon in the lee of an island ~ 10 km from the mainland. Tagging occurred in two batches, one year apart. In the first batch, sub-adults (n = 3) and adults (n = 17) were tagged and monitored for two years. In the second batch, juveniles (n = 7) and sub-adults (n = 3) were tagged and monitored for one year. The first objective of this thesis (Chapter 3) was to examine the spatio-temporal dynamics of A. coronus at a regional-level (across study sites, to investigate the prevalence of the longshore migration), and at a local-level (within a study site), and to categorise the movement behaviour of juveniles, sub-adults and adults. Traditional seasons were not used in this thesis, as the study region alternates between ‘warm’ periods (up to ~ 26 °C mean daily water temperature), when Angola Current water covers the area, and ‘cold’ periods (down to ~ 15 °C mean daily water temperature), when Benguela Current water covers the area. A high degree of residency of tagged fish to the Flamingo study site, where tagging was conducted, was found, with juveniles and sub-adults never being detected outside of the Flamingo study site. Five adults (29 %) were detected haphazardly for between one and 36 days at Tombua Bay, following which they were typically detected again at the Flamingo study site. No fish were ever detected at the southernmost site, Baia dos Tigres, suggesting that none migrated to Namibia. Within the Flamingo study site, adults were found to group at the inshore mid-region of the study site during ‘cold’ periods, dispersing again during ‘warm’ periods, when there was a concomitant offshore shift in their area use. This explained the absence of the species from catches in the shore-based recreational fishery during ‘warm’ periods. These results challenge previous migration hypotheses for the species. Therefore, longshore return migrations which were evident from previously conducted conventional tagging, are probably not the norm for the species, but likely occur at a low frequency. The species exhibited a high degree of residency to their tagging site, despite the drastic seasonal changes in water temperatures and station-keeping was the dominant behaviour across all life stages. The constrained area-use noted in this study, relative to the known distribution of the species, suggests that A. coronus exists as a metapopulation, consisting of a network of subpopulations interconnected by gene flow that is most likely facilitated during their pelagic egg and larval phase. The second objective of this thesis was to examine the group formation observed at the Flamingo study site during ‘cold’ periods (Chapter 4). While this grouping of individuals was found to be correlated with water temperature, it was unlikely to be a causal relationship, as the water temperature was not dissimilar to adjacent areas. The area where individuals were concentrated is known to frequently attract large shoals of their dominant prey, Sardinella aurita. While the timing of this group formation aligns with a pre-spawning period, no studies have assessed the existence of local spawning. A. coronus were, however, likely utilising an abundant prey source, during the important pre-spawning period, in order to build up energy reserves. Group formation is a common feature of sciaenids, but literature on the subject is restricted to spawning congregations. Fish are not only more vulnerable to capture during these periods but may also be disturbed during these potentially important social periods. The third objective of this thesis was to investigate the presence of sociality in the species (Chapter 5). Evidence for sociality during and outside the seasonal group formation was explored using network analyses. There was evidence for sociality, with several groups, characterized by co-locations among individuals, identified. While these groups were fluid through time, there was evidence of persistent sociality, with two individuals in particular being consistently co-located over the entire study period. Due to the persistent nature of sociality, group foraging is suggested as an explanation for this, with anecdotal evidence of coordinated hunting supporting this. Acoustic telemetry vastly improved the knowledge of the movement ecology of A. coronus. Despite their panmictic population genetic structure, they were found to be largely resident, likely occurring as a metapopulation across their distribution, with egg and larval dispersal likely the primary mechanism for maintaining panmixia. Evidence for sociality was also found, which was previously unexplored in the species. The persistent nature of social groupings throughout the year, suggests that it may be linked with group foraging and is supported by anecdotal evidence of coordinated hunting by the species. While this study highlights the value of acoustic telemetry in studying movement ecology, it also shows the importance of drawing on multiple methods to fully understand a species’ spatial ecology, including mark-recapture, population genetics, and fishery catch and effort data. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2023
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2023-10-13
The genetic stock structure and distribution of Chrysoblephus Puniceus, a commercially important transboundary linefish species, endemic to the South West Indian Ocean
- Authors: Duncan, Murray Ian
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Sparidae , Fishes -- Indian Ocean , Fish populations , Fishery management , Fish stock assessment -- South Africa , Fish stock assessment -- Mozambique , Overfishing , Habitat conservation , Fishes -- Genetics , Fishes -- Climatic factors , Fishes -- Variation , Fishes -- Migration
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5360 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011868 , Sparidae , Fishes -- Indian Ocean , Fish populations , Fishery management , Fish stock assessment -- South Africa , Fish stock assessment -- Mozambique , Overfishing , Habitat conservation , Fishes -- Genetics , Fishes -- Climatic factors , Fishes -- Variation , Fishes -- Migration
- Description: Chrysoblephus puniceus is an over-exploited linefish species, endemic to the coastlines off southern Mozambique and eastern South Africa. Over-exploitation and habitat loss are two of the biggest threats to the sustainability of fisheries globally. Assessing the genetic stock structure (a prerequisite for effective management) and predicting climate related range changes will provide a better understanding of these threats to C. puniceus which can be used to improve the sustainability of the fishery. Two hundred and eighty four genetic samples were collected from eight sampling sites between Ponta da Barra in Mozambique and Coffee Bay in South Africa. The mitochondrial control region and ten microsatellite loci were amplified to analyse the stock structure of C. puniceus. The majority of microsatellite and mtDNA pairwise population comparisons were not significant (P > 0.05) although Xai Xai and Inhaca populations had some significant population comparisons for mtDNA (P < 0.05). AMOVA did not explain any significant variation at the between groups hierarchical level for any pre-defined groupings except for a mtDNA grouping which separated out Xai Xai and Inhaca from other sampling sites. SAMOVA, isolation by distance tests, structure analysis, principle component analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis all indicated a single population of C. puniceus as being most likely. The migrate-n analysis provided evidence of current driven larval transport, with net migration rates influenced by current dynamics.Two hundred and thirty six unique presence points of C. puniceus were correlated with seasonal maximum and minimum temperature data and bathymetry to model the current distribution and predict future distribution changes of the species up until 2030. Eight individual species distribution models were developed and combined into a mean ensemble model using the Biomod2 package. Winter minimum temperature was the most important variable in determining models outputs. Overall the ensemble model was accurate with a true skills statistic score of 0.962. Binary transformed mean ensemble models predicted a northern and southern range contraction of C. puniceus' distribution of 15 percent; by 2030. The mean ensemble probability of occurrence models indicated that C. puniceus' abundance is likely to decrease off the southern Mozambique coastline but remain high off KwaZulu-Natal. The results of the genetic analysis support the theory of external recruitment sustaining the KwaZulu Natal fishery for C. puniceus. While the high genetic diversity and connectivity may make C. puniceus more resilient to disturbances, the loss of 15 percent; distribution and 11 percent; genetic diversity by 2030 will increase the species vulnerability. The decrease in abundance of C. puniceus off southern Mozambique together with current widespread exploitation levels could result in the collapse of the fishery. A single transboundary stock of C. puniceus highlights the need for co-management of the species. A combined stock assessment between South Africa and Mozambique and the development of further Marine Protected Areas off southern Mozambique are suggested as management options to minimise the vulnerability of this species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Duncan, Murray Ian
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Sparidae , Fishes -- Indian Ocean , Fish populations , Fishery management , Fish stock assessment -- South Africa , Fish stock assessment -- Mozambique , Overfishing , Habitat conservation , Fishes -- Genetics , Fishes -- Climatic factors , Fishes -- Variation , Fishes -- Migration
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5360 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011868 , Sparidae , Fishes -- Indian Ocean , Fish populations , Fishery management , Fish stock assessment -- South Africa , Fish stock assessment -- Mozambique , Overfishing , Habitat conservation , Fishes -- Genetics , Fishes -- Climatic factors , Fishes -- Variation , Fishes -- Migration
- Description: Chrysoblephus puniceus is an over-exploited linefish species, endemic to the coastlines off southern Mozambique and eastern South Africa. Over-exploitation and habitat loss are two of the biggest threats to the sustainability of fisheries globally. Assessing the genetic stock structure (a prerequisite for effective management) and predicting climate related range changes will provide a better understanding of these threats to C. puniceus which can be used to improve the sustainability of the fishery. Two hundred and eighty four genetic samples were collected from eight sampling sites between Ponta da Barra in Mozambique and Coffee Bay in South Africa. The mitochondrial control region and ten microsatellite loci were amplified to analyse the stock structure of C. puniceus. The majority of microsatellite and mtDNA pairwise population comparisons were not significant (P > 0.05) although Xai Xai and Inhaca populations had some significant population comparisons for mtDNA (P < 0.05). AMOVA did not explain any significant variation at the between groups hierarchical level for any pre-defined groupings except for a mtDNA grouping which separated out Xai Xai and Inhaca from other sampling sites. SAMOVA, isolation by distance tests, structure analysis, principle component analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis all indicated a single population of C. puniceus as being most likely. The migrate-n analysis provided evidence of current driven larval transport, with net migration rates influenced by current dynamics.Two hundred and thirty six unique presence points of C. puniceus were correlated with seasonal maximum and minimum temperature data and bathymetry to model the current distribution and predict future distribution changes of the species up until 2030. Eight individual species distribution models were developed and combined into a mean ensemble model using the Biomod2 package. Winter minimum temperature was the most important variable in determining models outputs. Overall the ensemble model was accurate with a true skills statistic score of 0.962. Binary transformed mean ensemble models predicted a northern and southern range contraction of C. puniceus' distribution of 15 percent; by 2030. The mean ensemble probability of occurrence models indicated that C. puniceus' abundance is likely to decrease off the southern Mozambique coastline but remain high off KwaZulu-Natal. The results of the genetic analysis support the theory of external recruitment sustaining the KwaZulu Natal fishery for C. puniceus. While the high genetic diversity and connectivity may make C. puniceus more resilient to disturbances, the loss of 15 percent; distribution and 11 percent; genetic diversity by 2030 will increase the species vulnerability. The decrease in abundance of C. puniceus off southern Mozambique together with current widespread exploitation levels could result in the collapse of the fishery. A single transboundary stock of C. puniceus highlights the need for co-management of the species. A combined stock assessment between South Africa and Mozambique and the development of further Marine Protected Areas off southern Mozambique are suggested as management options to minimise the vulnerability of this species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
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