The effect of 14 weeks of strength training on insulin resistance
- Authors: Cairncross, Joy Claudia
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Insulin resistance , Diabetes -- Exercise therapy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10104 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018276
- Description: Insulin resistance is a precursor to type II diabetes mellitus and in conjunction with dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and obesity, these abnormalities constitute the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance usually develops before these other diseases and therefore identifying and successfully treating insulin resistant patients may have potentially great preventive value. Insulin resistance, obesity, and subsequently type II diabetes mellitus have increased dramatically and have reached epidemic proportions. The incidence of diabetes, and in particular type II diabetes mellitus, is increasing in developing countries and throughout the world and this is mainly as a result of increasingly sedentary lifestyle and obesity in an aging population. The specific aim of this study was to explore and describe the effect of a 14-week strength-based resistance training programme on insulin resistance amongst individuals aged 25 to 68 years, who are pre-diabetic, have T2DM, and/or are overweight. The research approach used in this investigation was explorative, experimental, and quantitative in nature. The quasi-experimental design consisted of a pre-test and post-test for an experimental and comparison group who were chosen through convenience and snowball sampling. A total of 30 participants were involved in this study, 15 participants in each group. The following dependent variables were selected, namely: body weight; BMI; body composition; waist-to-hip ratio; total cholesterol levels; triglyceride levels; HOMA-IR; and muscle strength for upper and lower body. Pre-and post-test analysis was performed at the Biokinetics and Sport Science Unit, located at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU). Blood samples of the participants were drawn by nurses at the Health Clinic at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University and these blood plasma samples were stored at the Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry at NMMU for later analysis of glucose and insulin. The experimental group trained three times per week for a period of fourteen weeks, performing strength training exercises with progressive increments in the intensity of the exercise. The control group remained sedentary throughout the intervention period. Analysis of the data was conducted utilizing descriptive and inferential statistics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used as a hypothesis-testing procedure to evaluate the mean differences. The following dependent variables showed a decrease in mean values: body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, waist minimum, cholesterol and insulin. However these differences in results were not practically and statistically significant. The following dependent variables showed an increase in mean values: hip maximum, arm relaxed, arm flexed, thigh circumference, glucose and HOMA-IR. However these results were not practically and statistically significant. The mean differences in the plasma insulin level, pre- to post-test, between both groups indicated that a significant difference (t = -1.77, p = 0.044) existed between them. Cohen‟s d revealed a value of 0.64, which indicates moderate practical significance. The only dependent variable which showed both statistical and practical significance was sum of skinfolds. The findings for sum of skinfolds revealed that the mean differences, from pre- to post-test, between both groups indicated that a significant difference (t = -2.30, p = 0.015) existed between them. Cohen‟s d revealed a value of 0.84, which indicated a large practical significance. Although the sample size was too small to indicate generalisations to the diabetic population as a whole, strength training should be furthermore explored as an alternative and successful modality in the existing range of options available to the health and exercise professional to address the needs of the person with T2DM. The researcher proposed that a bigger sample size be used for the experimental and control group, the intervention period increased as well as various differences related to frequency, intensity and duration of strength training could possibly result in significant changes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Cairncross, Joy Claudia
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Insulin resistance , Diabetes -- Exercise therapy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10104 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018276
- Description: Insulin resistance is a precursor to type II diabetes mellitus and in conjunction with dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and obesity, these abnormalities constitute the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance usually develops before these other diseases and therefore identifying and successfully treating insulin resistant patients may have potentially great preventive value. Insulin resistance, obesity, and subsequently type II diabetes mellitus have increased dramatically and have reached epidemic proportions. The incidence of diabetes, and in particular type II diabetes mellitus, is increasing in developing countries and throughout the world and this is mainly as a result of increasingly sedentary lifestyle and obesity in an aging population. The specific aim of this study was to explore and describe the effect of a 14-week strength-based resistance training programme on insulin resistance amongst individuals aged 25 to 68 years, who are pre-diabetic, have T2DM, and/or are overweight. The research approach used in this investigation was explorative, experimental, and quantitative in nature. The quasi-experimental design consisted of a pre-test and post-test for an experimental and comparison group who were chosen through convenience and snowball sampling. A total of 30 participants were involved in this study, 15 participants in each group. The following dependent variables were selected, namely: body weight; BMI; body composition; waist-to-hip ratio; total cholesterol levels; triglyceride levels; HOMA-IR; and muscle strength for upper and lower body. Pre-and post-test analysis was performed at the Biokinetics and Sport Science Unit, located at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU). Blood samples of the participants were drawn by nurses at the Health Clinic at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University and these blood plasma samples were stored at the Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry at NMMU for later analysis of glucose and insulin. The experimental group trained three times per week for a period of fourteen weeks, performing strength training exercises with progressive increments in the intensity of the exercise. The control group remained sedentary throughout the intervention period. Analysis of the data was conducted utilizing descriptive and inferential statistics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used as a hypothesis-testing procedure to evaluate the mean differences. The following dependent variables showed a decrease in mean values: body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, waist minimum, cholesterol and insulin. However these differences in results were not practically and statistically significant. The following dependent variables showed an increase in mean values: hip maximum, arm relaxed, arm flexed, thigh circumference, glucose and HOMA-IR. However these results were not practically and statistically significant. The mean differences in the plasma insulin level, pre- to post-test, between both groups indicated that a significant difference (t = -1.77, p = 0.044) existed between them. Cohen‟s d revealed a value of 0.64, which indicates moderate practical significance. The only dependent variable which showed both statistical and practical significance was sum of skinfolds. The findings for sum of skinfolds revealed that the mean differences, from pre- to post-test, between both groups indicated that a significant difference (t = -2.30, p = 0.015) existed between them. Cohen‟s d revealed a value of 0.84, which indicated a large practical significance. Although the sample size was too small to indicate generalisations to the diabetic population as a whole, strength training should be furthermore explored as an alternative and successful modality in the existing range of options available to the health and exercise professional to address the needs of the person with T2DM. The researcher proposed that a bigger sample size be used for the experimental and control group, the intervention period increased as well as various differences related to frequency, intensity and duration of strength training could possibly result in significant changes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
Effects of hydrotherapy group exercises on selected health-related fitness variables in older women with Type II diabetes mellitus
- Authors: Witthuhn, Amori Cathy
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Diabetes -- Exercise therapy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10092 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1543 , Diabetes -- Exercise therapy
- Description: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a twelve-week hydrotherapy group exercise programme on selected health-related fitness variables in older women with type II diabetes mellitus. This study included the testing of blood glucose levels, blood anthropometrical profile, body mass, height, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, upper body flexibility, lower body flexibility, grip strength, upper body and lower body muscular strength and endurance as well as aerobic endurance. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for this study utilising a quasiexperimental research design. A comparison group pre-test and post-test experimental design was employed at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Biokinetics and Sports Science Unit. Approximately 16 senior female participants took part in the study. Participants were identified through convenience sampling and snowball sampling, of which, all the participants were clinically diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus and had completed the study. The hydrotherapy participants (experimental group), took part in water-based (hydrotherapy) exercises three times a week for a period of twelve weeks. The hydrotherapy exercises began with a light half-hour workout per session and were progressively increased in intensity, duration, and number of the exercises performed. The participants not participating in the hydrotherapy exercises (control group) were instructed to remain sedentary throughout the duration of the intervention period. The dependant variables were gathered as raw data and analysed using descriptive statistics to form the means, standard deviations, medians, minimum and maximum values. Post hoc analysis was performed to determine whether differences existed between the experimental group and control group. Cohen’s D test was used to determine pre- and post-test differences for both groups to determine practical significance. An analysis of the results revealed significant improvements in some of the selected health and physical fitness parameters such as, upper body and lower body flexibility, upper and lower body muscular strength and endurance, as well as aerobic endurance. iii The aim and objectives of the study in exploring the effect of hydrotherapy as an intervention strategy to promote health and physical fitness in persons with type II diabetes mellitus were supported by the data collected in the pre-test and post-test analyses of the variables.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Witthuhn, Amori Cathy
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Diabetes -- Exercise therapy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10092 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1543 , Diabetes -- Exercise therapy
- Description: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a twelve-week hydrotherapy group exercise programme on selected health-related fitness variables in older women with type II diabetes mellitus. This study included the testing of blood glucose levels, blood anthropometrical profile, body mass, height, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, upper body flexibility, lower body flexibility, grip strength, upper body and lower body muscular strength and endurance as well as aerobic endurance. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for this study utilising a quasiexperimental research design. A comparison group pre-test and post-test experimental design was employed at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Biokinetics and Sports Science Unit. Approximately 16 senior female participants took part in the study. Participants were identified through convenience sampling and snowball sampling, of which, all the participants were clinically diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus and had completed the study. The hydrotherapy participants (experimental group), took part in water-based (hydrotherapy) exercises three times a week for a period of twelve weeks. The hydrotherapy exercises began with a light half-hour workout per session and were progressively increased in intensity, duration, and number of the exercises performed. The participants not participating in the hydrotherapy exercises (control group) were instructed to remain sedentary throughout the duration of the intervention period. The dependant variables were gathered as raw data and analysed using descriptive statistics to form the means, standard deviations, medians, minimum and maximum values. Post hoc analysis was performed to determine whether differences existed between the experimental group and control group. Cohen’s D test was used to determine pre- and post-test differences for both groups to determine practical significance. An analysis of the results revealed significant improvements in some of the selected health and physical fitness parameters such as, upper body and lower body flexibility, upper and lower body muscular strength and endurance, as well as aerobic endurance. iii The aim and objectives of the study in exploring the effect of hydrotherapy as an intervention strategy to promote health and physical fitness in persons with type II diabetes mellitus were supported by the data collected in the pre-test and post-test analyses of the variables.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
Whole body vibration training and physical fitness of persons with diabetes melitus type II
- Authors: Bekker, Lindy
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Diabetes -- Exercise therapy , Vibration -- Physiological effect
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10096 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/672 , Diabetes -- Exercise therapy , Vibration -- Physiological effect
- Description: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of whole body vibration training on selected health and fitness parameters, including: blood glucose levels, blood pressure, anthropometric profile, muscular flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and aerobic endurance of persons with diabetes mellitus type II. The study was conducted in a descriptive, explorative manner utilizing a quasiexperimental design with an equistatic approach, employing match-pair design to participant grouping. The experimental design was a non-randomized two-group pre- and post-test design, in which approximately 16 male and female participants, who were chosen through convenience and snowball sampling with diabetes mellitus type II, completed the study. Pre- and post-test analysis was performed at the Biokinetics and Sport Science Unit. The whole body vibration training (experimental) group, trained three times a week for a period of ten weeks, performing exercises on the vibration platform with progressive increments in the intensity, duration, and number of the exercises. The control group remained sedentary throughout the intervention period. The dependant variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. ANOVA was done to determine pre- and post-test differences for both the experimental and control groups for all the variables. Post-Hoc analysis was done to determine and compare differences which may have existed between the experimental and control groups, with practical significance being determined by Cohen’s D analysis. The analysis of the results revealed significant improvements in systolic blood pressure, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and aerobic endurance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Bekker, Lindy
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Diabetes -- Exercise therapy , Vibration -- Physiological effect
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10096 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/672 , Diabetes -- Exercise therapy , Vibration -- Physiological effect
- Description: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of whole body vibration training on selected health and fitness parameters, including: blood glucose levels, blood pressure, anthropometric profile, muscular flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and aerobic endurance of persons with diabetes mellitus type II. The study was conducted in a descriptive, explorative manner utilizing a quasiexperimental design with an equistatic approach, employing match-pair design to participant grouping. The experimental design was a non-randomized two-group pre- and post-test design, in which approximately 16 male and female participants, who were chosen through convenience and snowball sampling with diabetes mellitus type II, completed the study. Pre- and post-test analysis was performed at the Biokinetics and Sport Science Unit. The whole body vibration training (experimental) group, trained three times a week for a period of ten weeks, performing exercises on the vibration platform with progressive increments in the intensity, duration, and number of the exercises. The control group remained sedentary throughout the intervention period. The dependant variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. ANOVA was done to determine pre- and post-test differences for both the experimental and control groups for all the variables. Post-Hoc analysis was done to determine and compare differences which may have existed between the experimental and control groups, with practical significance being determined by Cohen’s D analysis. The analysis of the results revealed significant improvements in systolic blood pressure, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and aerobic endurance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
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