Has deregulation of non-timber forest product controls and marketing in Orissa state (India) affected local patterns of use and marketing
- Authors: Mahapatra, A K , Shackleton, Charlie M
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6643 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006872
- Description: State control of marketing agricultural or forestry products may lead to a trade monopoly and restricted competition, resulting in inequitable returns to producers. Consequently, market deregulation for agriculture and other natural products has been advocated to improve market efficiencies, participation and returns for the producers and local traders. The study examines the impact of deregulation of state marketing controls on collection, sale and returns to extractors and traders from non-timber forest products. It assessed whether deregulation policy resulted in greater benefits to primary extractors and a win–win situation for both producers and traders? Mixed effects were found, with no significant changes in terms of trade, demand, or quantum of consumption; but there was an overall increase in the procurement price for several products following deregulation. The collection and farm gate price of tree based oilseeds and honey increased due to lower transaction costs, and ease of trading with a continued demand for these products. The impact on less valuable products was insignificant. Abolition of monopolistic trading increased competition and had a pull effect on the local market prices of several NTFPs. Although traders paid a higher price to procure products, overall they also benefited being able to sell the purchased products to merchants and manufacturers at a better margin than previously.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Cretaceous volcanic rocks of the Namibe Basin, southern Angola: report on a reconnaissance field and geochemical investigation
- Authors: Marsh, Julian S
- Date: 2010
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67301 , vital:29070
- Description: publisher version , Mafic alkaline lavas and intrusions occur in the onshore Namibe Basin in southern Angola. The distribution and field relationships of these igneous rocks have been mapped and described by Carvalho (1961). During a reconnaissance field visit in June 2009 a suite of samples was collected for further investigation.
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- Date Issued: 2010
Sedimentary facies and geomorphic evolution of a blocked‐valley lake: Lake Futululu, northern Kwazulu‐Natal, South Africa
- Authors: Grenfell, Suzanne E , Ellery, William F N , Grenfell, Michael C , Ramsay, Lisa F , Flügel, Tyrel J
- Date: 2010
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/126826 , vital:35928 , https://doi.10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01141.x
- Description: Blocked-valley lakes are formed when tributaries are impounded by the relatively rapid aggradation of a large river and its floodplain. These features are common in the landscape, and have been identified in the floodplains of the Solimo˜es-Amazon (Brazil) and Fly-Strickland Rivers (Papua New Guinea), for example, but their inaccessibility has resulted in studies being limited to remotely sensed image analysis. This paper documents the sedimentology and geomorphic evolution of a blocked-valley lake, Lake Futululu on the Mfolozi River floodplain margin, in South Africa, while also offering a context for the formation of lakes and wetlands at tributary junctions. The study combines aerial photography, elevation data from orthophotographs and field survey, and longitudinal sedimentology determined from a series of cores, which were sub-sampled for organic content and particle size analysis. Radiocarbon dating was used to gauge the rate and timing of peat accumulation. Results indicate that following the last glacial maximum, rising sea-levels caused aggradation of the Mfolozi River floodplain. By 3980 years bp, aggradation on the floodplain had impounded the Futululu drainage line, creating conditions suitable for peat formation, which has since occurred at a constant average rate of 0Æ13 cm year)1. Continued aggradation on the Mfolozi River floodplain has raised the base level of the Futululu drainage line, resulting in a series of backstepping sedimentary facies with fluvially derived sand and silt episodically prograding over lacustrine peat deposits. Blocked-valley lakes form where the trunk river has a much larger sediment load and catchment than the tributary stream. Similarly, when the relative difference in sediment loads is less, palustrine wetlands, rather than lakes, may be the result. In contrast, where tributaries drain a steep, well-connected catchment, they may impound much larger trunk rivers, creating lakes or wetlands upstream.
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- Date Issued: 2010
Site of struggle: the Freedom Park fracas and the divisive legacy of South Africa’s Border War/Liberation Struggle
- Authors: Baines, Gary F
- Date: 2010
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/126954 , vital:35938 , https://doi.10.1080/02533950903076428
- Description: In South Africa, Carcharias taurus is commonly known as the ragged-tooth shark or raggie. The species is also referred to as the sand-tiger shark in North America and as the grey-nurse shark in Australia. It is a long-lived species with an estimated longevity of up to 40 years (Goldman 2002). Female sharks reach sexual maturity at approximately 10 years (Goldman 2002), and they exhibit a biennial reproductive cycle (Branstetter and Musick 1994, Lucifora et al. 2002, G Cliff, Natal Sharks Board, unpublished data). Intra-uterine cannibalisation results in a maximum fecundity of two pups per litter after a gestation period of approximately 9–12 months (Bass et al. 1975, Gilmore et al. 1983). These life-history characteristics make this species particularly susceptible to overexploitation.
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- Date Issued: 2010
A method for automatically creating 3d animated scenes from annotated fiction text
- Authors: Glass, Kevin R , Bangay, Shaun D
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/432699 , vital:72893 , https://www.iadisportal.org/ijcsis/papers/2009110208.pdf
- Description: This paper describes a strategy for automatically converting fiction text into 3D animations. It assumes the existence of fiction text annotated with avatar, object, setting, transition and relation annotations, and presents a transformation process that converts annotated text into quantified constraint systems, the solutions to which are used in the population of 3D environments. Constraint solutions are valid over temporal intervals, ensuring that consistent dynamic behaviour is produced. A substantial level of automation is achieved, while providing opportunities for creative manual intervention in animation process. The process is demonstrated using annotated examples drawn from popular fiction text that are converted into animation sequences, confirming that the desired results can be achieved with only high-level human direction.
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- Date Issued: 2009
Archetypal hero or living saint? The veneration of Nelson Mandela
- Authors: Maylam, Paul
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/450030 , vital:74877 , https://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/hist/v54n2/04.pdf
- Description: It is now a commonplace that Nelson Mandela–Madiba–has become the most venerated, iconic political figure of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. Accolades and awards have been heaped upon him. In the words of Kofi Annan, the former UN Secretary-General,“To this day, Madiba remains probably the single most admired, most respected international figure in the entire world”. 1 “In these times of global warfare and strife,” remarks Desmond Tutu,“… Nelson Mandela stands out as a global icon for peace, love, reconciliation and magnanimity.” 2 In the international media, Mandela has been variously described as the only living saint, 3 and as “a moral colossus” towering over the world. 4 Nadine Gordimer views Gandhi and Mandela as “the two indisputably magnificent great people of the last millennium.” 5 The former Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, was determined, when still in office, that a statue of Mandela be built in Trafalgar Square “so Nelson on his column and Nelson Mandela on his pedestal would in a sense encapsulate the beginning and the end of the British Empire.” 6 There are actual plans afoot to construct a massive statue of Mandela, along the lines of the Statue of Liberty, overlooking the harbour in Port Elizabeth.
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- Date Issued: 2009
Cretaceous erosion in central South Africa: evidence from upper-crustal xenoliths in kimberlite diatremes
- Authors: Hanson, E Kelsey , Moore, John M , Bordy, Emese M , Marsh, Julian S , Howarth, Geoffrey H , Robey, Julian van Aardt
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144978 , vital:38397 , https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.112.2.125
- Description: Twelve Group II and fourteen Group I kimberlite diatremes in central South Africa were examined for upper crustal xenoliths in order to estimate the extent of various lithological units of the Karoo Supergroup in the main Karoo basin at times of kimberlite eruption, the Cretaceous erosional history of the area, and the approximate vertical extent of the kimberlite diatremes prior to erosion. Sandstone and amygdaloidal basaltic lava xenoliths from the Karoo Supergroup were specifically selected as their modal mineralogies and geochemical compositions respectively can be attributed to specific stratigraphic positions within the Karoo Supergroup. Results indicated that, at the time of Group II kimberlite eruption (120 Ma), basaltic lavas of the Drakensberg Group covered the entire area, but by the time of Group I kimberlite eruption (85 Ma), they were restricted to the south-eastern half of the study area.
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- Date Issued: 2009
Drawing Lines in the Sand: AM v RM 2010 2 SA 223 (ECP)
- Authors: Kruuse, Helen
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: Article , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54107 , vital:26391 , http://www.ufh.ac.za/speculumjuris/files/pdf/SpeculumJuris_2009_Part_2.pdf
- Description: Judge Elna Revelas’s decision in the case of Mohamed v Mohamed 1 may be described as one of those run-of-the-mill applications in terms of rule 43 which are routinely heard on motion court days in any one of our high courts across the country. This case note suggests that her decision belies such a description. Instead, this note suggests that her decision marks a move away from existing jurisprudence on Muslim marriages in a way which may undermine, rather than promote, the recognition and respect for the marriage institutions of different religious systems and beliefs. I tentatively suggest that by granting the rule 43 application the court may have effectively imposed civil marriage obligations on a religious marriage even though the parties had not concluded a marriage in terms of the Marriage Act.2 As such, the decision has potentially radical consequences for parties in Muslim marriages and highlights the complex issues that courts have had to face in the last two decades without any guiding legislation. In order to understand the judgment properly, its context has to be considered. This context includes (1) the numerous judgments extending protection to women in Muslim marriages in the last two decades against the backdrop of the coming into effect of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996; and (2) the application by the Women’s Legal Centre Trust (hereafter “WLCT”) to the Constitutional Court to force the President and Parliament to enact legislation to recognise and protect Muslim marriages.
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- Date Issued: 2009
Effect of laundry activities on in-stream concentrations of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in a small rural South African river
- Authors: Gordon, Andrew K , Muller, Wilhelmine J , Gysman, N , Marshall, S J , Sparham, C J , O'Connor, S M , Whelan, M J
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:7094 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012427
- Description: In many parts of the world clothes are washed near to or in rivers and streams. Little information is available on resulting concentrations of detergent ingredients or on any potential effects caused. In this study, the fate of a commonly used anionic surfactant, linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) was investigated in a reach of the Balfour River (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa) which was regularly used as a site for laundry activity. Samples of river water were collected upstream of the main washing site and at a number of locations downstream on several occasions in winter and summer. Sediment samples were also collected and analysed. In addition, a household survey was conducted to ascertain the amount of detergent used and the distribution of washing practices. The results of the survey suggested that the use of riverside locations for laundry activities was seasonal. Most washing tended to be done at home during the winter with riverside sites used more frequently during the summer months. The monitoring data showed that LAS concentrations in water were very variable. They were occasionally high in the immediate vicinity of the laundry site (up to 342 µg L− 1) but were generally very low (< 11 µg L− 1) at downstream monitoring stations, suggesting that LAS was rapidly dissipated by a combination of degradation, hydrodynamic dispersion and dilution. Concentrations in the immediate vicinity of the washing site were lower than expected on the basis of the household survey because most waste water was disposed of on the river bank rather than directly in the river. No ecological effects are expected from LAS emissions at this site.
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- Date Issued: 2009
Intellectual challenge is as necessary as breathing: an interview with Laurence Wright
- Authors: Wright, Laurence , Pearce, B
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:7059 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007422
- Description: Professor Laurence Wright is Director of the Institute for the Study of English in Africa at Rhodes University. In 2009, he will have completed 25 years of research, teaching and scholarship at Rhodes University and this interview marks the occasion. A Rhodes Scholar and a Commonwealth Scholar, he studied at the universities of Rhodes, Warwick and Oxford. He is also Honorary Life President of the Shakespeare Society of Southern Africa. He has published widely in literary studies and is the Managing Editor of two academic journals as well as of the poetry magazine New Coin. He currently serves on the Council of the English Academy and is a co-opted member of the English National Language Body. He has taken a broad interest in the role of English in this country, ranging from language policy and teacher education matters, to archival research and the role of the humanities in public life. I thought that it would be worthwhile to interview him as his knowledge of literature is substantial, while his incisive and engaging thoughts on a range of topics are worth hearing. The interview was conducted intermittently by email between July and October, 2008.
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- Date Issued: 2009
Municipal commonage policy and livestock owners : findings from the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Davenport, Nicholas A , Gambiza, James
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6628 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006820
- Description: The new African National Congress government announced after 1994 that municipal commonage would be a pillar of their land reform programme. The Department of Land Affairs spearheaded this by acquiring new land to complement the existing ‘old’ commonages. The aim of old commonage was to supplement the income of poor urban residents through the subsistence user system whereas new commonage was intended as a ‘stepping stone’ for emergent farmers. We investigated the differences between old and new commonage farmers as well as how they perceived the Makana local municipality's capacity to manage the commonage. The results showed that local institutions were weak. Only 46% of the old commonage farmers were members of a local livestock association whereas 74% of the new commonage farmers were members. Most old commonage farmers (59%) were dissatisfied with local government's management of the commonage. In contrast, only 37% of the new commonage farmers were dissatisfied with the management of the commonage. There were no differences between old and new commonage farmers in terms of livestock owners’ characteristics and mean annual net direct-use value of livestock. There were also no differences in the age of the two types of commonage farmers. Furthermore, there was no association between the type of commonage and level of education. The mean annual net direct-use value of livestock on old commonage was R6308 compared with R9707 on new commonage. Although the income from livestock for new commonage farmers varied slightly from that of old commonage farmers, the annual productive output per farmer on old commonage was R473 ha−1, three times higher than that of new commonage farmers which was R134 ha−1. We suggest that new land policy legislation is needed in which poverty as well as the legal arrangements between all stakeholders is clearly defined. Furthermore, national departments need to be more involved with local municipalities to increase local management capacity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
A Canonical Implementation Of The Advanced Encryption Standard On The Graphics Processing Unit
- Authors: Pilkington, Nick , Irwin, Barry V W
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/430007 , vital:72659 , https://digifors.cs.up.ac.za/issa/2008/Proceedings/Research/47.pdf
- Description: This paper will present an implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) on the graphics processing unit (GPU). It investigates the ease of implementation from first principles and the difficulties encountered. It also presents a performance analysis to evaluate if the GPU is a viable option for a cryptographics platform. The AES implementation is found to yield orders of maginitude increased performance when compared to CPU based implementations. Although the implementation introduces complica-tions, these are quickly becoming mitigated by the growing accessibility pro-vided by general programming on graphics processing units (GPGPU) frameworks like NVIDIA’s Compute Uniform Device Architechture (CUDA) and AMD/ATI’s Close to Metal (CTM).
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- Date Issued: 2008
Breaking into the conversation: cultural value and the role of the South African National Arts Festival from apartheid to democracy
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D , Webb, Arthur C M
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71311 , vital:29832 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10286630802106326
- Description: The paper examines the value of the South African National Arts Festival (NAF) in the transition to democracy using theories of cultural capital. NAF history from 1974 to 2004 is used to argue that the Festival provided an important arena for the expression of political resistance in the 1980s and, to some degree, continues to do so today. It is concluded that an important part of the value of the arts is their ability to provide a forum for debating the goals and values of society and that individualistic utility theory is not always successful in measuring such social value.
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- Date Issued: 2008
Communicating across cultures in South African law courts: towards an information technology solution*
- Authors: Kaschula, Russell H , Mostert, André M
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Language policy -- South Africa , Courts interpreting and translating -- South Africa , Translating and interpreting -- Technological innovations , Intercultural communication -- South Africa , Conduct of court proceedings -- South Africa , Linguistic rights -- South Africa , Multilingualism -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: article , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59423 , vital:27599 , doi: 10.5842/36-0-39
- Description: Language rights in South Africa are entrenched in the Constitution of South Africa (Chapter 1, Section 6, Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996). However, the concomitant infrastructure and organisational realities make this policy difficult to implement, especially in law courts (Kaschula and Ralarala 2004). Creating effective communicative environments has historically been constrained by lack of effective training of legal practitioners and by the lack of capacity for building translation structures. With the advancement of technology, potential solutions are becoming more apparent and it is incumbent upon the academic community to embark on a rigorous investigation into possible solutions and how these Information Communication Technology (ICT) solutions could be applied to the execution of justice in South African law courts. This article aims to open the discourse of possible solutions, via assessments of computer based translation solutions, ICT context simulations and other potential opportunities. The authors hope to initiate the interest of other language and legal practitioners to explore how the new technological capabilities could be harnessed to support the entrenchment of language rights in our law courts.
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- Date Issued: 2008
Cultivating Grahamstown: Nathaniel Merriman, Shakespeare and Books
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7033 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007367
- Description: In 1857, Archdeacon Nathaniel Merriman delivered two public lectures on Shakespeare under the auspices of the “General Institute” of Grahamstown. The first, “On the Study of Shakspeare”, was given on 2 September and “Shakspeare, As Bearing on English History” two months later, on Friday 6 November. This article sets out to place the lectures in their local context, by providing a brief sketch of literary and cultural life in the town, in which the appreciation of Shakespeare played no small part.
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- Date Issued: 2008
Disgrace as J.M.Coetzee's Tempest
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Book chapter
- Identifier: vital:7030 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007217
- Description: Amid the deluge of criticism and commentary evoked by Disgrace, quite remarkably nobody has noticed that the book re-engages exactly the energies Shakespeare deployed in The Tempest, a play which has become an icon, if not the icon, of colonial and post-colonial studies.
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- Date Issued: 2008
Enigmatic trace fossils from the Aeolian lower Jurassic Clarens formation, Southern Africa
- Authors: Bordy, Emese M
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6730 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007538
- Description: The Lower Jurassic aeolienites of the Clarens Formation in southern Africa contain unique sedimentary structures that are unlikely to be non-biogenic. They are also unlike any known modern or ancient trace fossils. Here, some nigmatic, horizontal,regularly-oriented sedimentary structures are described, which occur in association with other trace fossils as well as features that were previously nterpreted as nests of termites or termite-like ancient social nsects. These spectacular structures are exposed in enormous profusion as straight, ~5 mm cylinders with strong compass orientation, in parallel alignment with one another and to ancient horizontal bedding planes. Their fill is identical to that of the host rock: clean, well-sorted, very fine- to finegrained quartz-arenite. In cross-section, each structure is defined by a subtle, ~0.1 mm thin, concentric gap. Without comparable modern biogenic structures, the biological origin of the structures is uncertain. Their strong compass orientations are, however, also inconsistent with an inorganic origin, even though they may resemble pipey concretions generated by flowing groundwater. Nonetheless, this paper, based on spatiotemporal distribution patterns of the oriented structures, their locally high abundance and association with obvious trace fossils, as well as other sedimentological and palaeontological lines of evidence, argues that the compass structures may be products of ancient social invertebrates living in a resource-limited, semi-arid to arid environment. Furthermore, the compass structures as well as the accompanying structures of the predominantly aeolian Clarens Formation collectively imply the recurrence of favourable ecological parameters (e.g., moist ubstrates) related to episodic climate fluctuations in the Early Jurassic of southern Pangaea (i.e., southern Gondwana).
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- Date Issued: 2008
Participation, situated culture, and practical reason
- Authors: Lotz-Sisitka, Heila , O'Donoghue, Rob B
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , book chapter
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437436 , vital:73378 , ISBN 978-1-4020-6415-9 , https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-6416-6_7
- Description: This chapter examines the emergence of participatory education as both a central feature and a terrain of ambivalence within the develop-ing landscape of environmental education in South Africa. From its roots in nature experience activities through to more socially critical forms of environmental education, participatory imperatives in this area have yet to address sufficiently the conceptual and practical challenges inherent in pedagogies of participation. We argue that more recent de-velopments reveal similar anomalies, such that participatory education in South Africa has now become an idealised and techniqued logic of practice.
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- Date Issued: 2008
The oppression of isiXhosa literature and the irony of transformation
- Authors: Kaschula, Russell H
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6334 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012398 , https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-6748
- Description: his article will contend that the natural development of isiXhosa orature and literature, as with all South African indigenous literatures, ended with the arrival of European missionaries in 1799. The apartheid policy then exacerbated the destructive approaches to indigenous languages already in operation as it designated separate language boards for language development. These boards operated in the 'homelands' and were generally conservative, corrupt and oppressive. The manuscripts they recommended to publishers were for the most part only those that could be prescribed in schools. This resulted in the publishing of material that was parochial, apolitical and neutral in style. Often the material prescribed was written by the board members themselves. For instance, Lennox Sebe, erstwhile President of the Ciskei, produced an isiXhosa book entitled Ucamngco, for prescription, though it seems to contain little original material. Laurence Wright has shown that the opposite was true for English literature written by black South Africans and published internationally in the 1970s, at the height of apartheid (2004, 47). He describes, for instance, how one of the manuscript readers of Peteni's seminal novel, Hill of Fools (1976), rejected it as irrelevant and unsuitable for publication precisely because it made no reference to South Africa's turbulent politics. Throughout this period, however, only apolitical novels were published in the indigenous languages.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
The oppression of isiXhosa literature and the irony of transformation
- Authors: Kaschula, Russell H
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/458734 , vital:75767 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC47955
- Description: This article will contend that the natural development of isiXhosa orature and literature, as with all South African indigenous literatures, ended with the arrival of European missionaries in 1799. The apartheid policy then exacerbated the destructive approaches to indigenous languages already in operation as it designated separate language boards for language development. These boards operated in the 'homelands' and were generally conservative, corrupt and oppressive. The manuscripts they recommended to publishers were for the most part only those that could be prescribed in schools. This resulted in the publishing of material that was parochial, apolitical and neutral in style. Often the material prescribed was written by the board members themselves. For instance, Lennox Sebe, erstwhile President of the Ciskei, produced an isiXhosa book entitled Ucamngco, for prescription, though it seems to contain little original material. Laurence Wright has shown that the opposite was true for English literature written by black South Africans and published internationally in the 1970s, at the height of apartheid (2004, 47). He describes, for instance, how one of the manuscript readers of Peteni's seminal novel, Hill of Fools (1976), rejected it as irrelevant and unsuitable for publication precisely because it made no reference to South Africa's turbulent politics. Throughout this period, however, only apolitical novels were published in the indigenous languages.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008