Synergies between research organisations and the wider community in enhancing weed biological control in South Africa
- Authors: Martin, Grant D , Hill, Martin P , Coetzee, Julie A , Weaver, Kim N , Hill, Jaclyn M
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68452 , vital:29258 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9846-4
- Description: Biological control offers a cost effective and ecologically sustainable tool for the management of invasive alien plants. Its implementation, however, has historically been slow and poorly co-ordinated. In South Africa, as in many other countries, most aspects of biological control programmes were done by researchers, but from 1995 onwards, with the advent of the Working for Water Programme, a more inclusive approach to biological control has been adopted. In this paper, we report on the development of community-based biological control implementation programmes in South Africa, after 1995, and highlight a number of initiatives, including employing persons with disabilities at mass-rearing facilities and in particular, we outline a suite of educational and outreach programmes for the general public and for schools, which have increased capacity, education and employment in the field of weed biological control.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The energy transition patterns of low-income households in South Africa: an evaluation of energy programme and policy
- Authors: Israel-Akinbo, Sylvia O , Snowball, Jeanette D , Fraser, Gavin C G
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69397 , vital:29518 , https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2018/v29i3a3310
- Description: The transition to modern energy carriers like electricity is an important way to achieve to eradicate energy poverty. This study investigated energy transition patterns and trends in low-income South African households. The marginal effects of the different determinants on the probability of choosing a specific energy carrier were computed and the influence of some endogenous characteristics in transitioning to modern energy carriers was explored. It was found that energy ladder behaviour exists for cooking while energy stacking was most likely for space heating and the pattern for lighting tended towards energy stacking. Dwelling type, household size and geographical location were among the key determinants of the energy transition pattern. Policies to reduce energy poverty need a multi-pronged approach and not only a focus on electricity access.
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- Date Issued: 2018
The generation and characterisation of neutralising antibodies against the Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) GDVII capsid reveals the potential binding site of the host cell co-receptor, heparan sulfate:
- Authors: Upfold, Nicole , Ross, Caroline J , Tastan Bishop, Özlem , Luke, Garry A , Knox, Caroline M
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148181 , vital:38717 , DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.017
- Description: The early stages of picornavirus capsid assembly and the host factors involved are poorly understood. Since the localisation of viral proteins in infected cells can provide information on their function, antibodies against purified Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) GDVII capsids were generated by immunisation of rabbits. The resultant anti-TMEV capsid antibodies recognised a C-terminal region of VP1 but not VP2 or VP3 by Western analysis. Examination of the sites of TMEV capsid assembly by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy showed that at 5 h post infection, capsid signal was diffusely cytoplasmic with strong perinuclear staining and moved into large punctate structures from 6 to 8 h post infection.
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- Date Issued: 2018
The relation between galaxy density and radio jet power for 1.4 GHz VLA selected AGNs in Stripe 82
- Authors: Kolwa, S , Jarvis, M J , McAlpine, Kim , Heywood, Ian
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/131444 , vital:36572 , https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3019
- Description: Using a Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) L-band (1-2 GHz) survey covering ∼100 deg2 of the Stripe 82 field, we have obtained a catalogue of 2716 radio AGNs. For these AGNs, we investigate the impact of galaxy density on 1.4 GHz radio luminosity (L1.4). We determine their close environment densities using the surface density parameter, ΣN, for N = 2 and N = 5, which we bin by redshift to obtain a pseudo-3D galaxy density measure. Matching the radio AGNs to sources without radio detections in terms of redshift, K-band magnitude and (g − K) colour index, we obtain samples of control galaxies and determine whether radio AGN environments differ from this general population.
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- Date Issued: 2018
The sound of reading
- Authors: Berold, Robert
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/458754 , vital:75769 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-1061c76543
- Description: This essay recounts, in autobiographical form, how poetry transformed me. It began at school with an unanticipated response to the internal music of a poem. Later, drawn primarily by sound and image, I responded to form, texture, ideas and movement in particular poems. These poems and poets – a few of them quoted here – woke me into an awareness of where I was, and gave me the courage to live with my confusion.
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- Date Issued: 2018
Trophic preference of southern African dung beetles (Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeinae and Aphodiinae) and its influence on bioindicator surveys:
- Authors: Tocco, Claudia , Balmer, Jonathan P , Villet, Martin H
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/140796 , vital:37919 , DOI: 10.1111/aje.12523
- Description: Environmental assessments using bioindicators gain value if the interpretability of the indicator used is high, and it is clear how survey methods affect survey comparisons. Because dung beetles are favoured as bioindicators, we studied the trophic preference of a southern African beetle community and its potential effects on surveys of beetle diversity using manual sampling of droppings and pitfall traps baited with carnivore, ruminant or nonruminant dung. Manual sampling showed no significant differences between dung types in either dung beetles abundance or species richness. Generalised linear mixed models of total and endocoprid abundances, species richness and Real Shannon index of trap samples showed higher dung beetle diversity associated with ruminant than with nonruminant dung, which in turn was significantly preferred over carnivore dung.
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- Date Issued: 2018
A comparative study of the dosimetric features of α-Al2O3: C, Mg and α-Al2O3: C
- Authors: Kalita, Jitumani M , Chithambo, Makaiko L
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/113058 , vital:33694 , https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncx039
- Description: A comparative study of the dosimetric features of α-Al2O3:C,Mg and α-Al2O3:C relevant to thermoluminescence dosimetry is reported. A glow curve of α-Al2O3:C,Mg measured at 1°C/s after beta irradiation to 1 Gy shows two subsidiary peaks at 42°C (labelled as I) and 72°C (II) and the main peak at 161°C (III) whereas a glow curve of α-Al2O3:C measured under the same conditions shows the main peak at 178°C (II′) and a lower intensity peak at 48°C (I′). Apart from these ones, there are several other peaks at temperatures beyond that of the main peak in both α-Al2O3:C,Mg and α-Al2O3:C. However, the latter are not included in this study. We report a comparative quantitative analysis of dose response and fading of peaks I, II and III of α-Al2O3:C,Mg and peaks I′ and II′ of α-Al2O3:C. Analysis shows that the dose response of peaks I and III is sublinear within 1–10 Gy whereas that of peak II is superlinear within 1–4 Gy followed by a sublinear region within 4–10 Gy. In comparison, the dose response of peak I′ is superlinear within 1–4 Gy followed by a sublinear region within 4–10 Gy whereas that of peak II′ is sublinear within 1–4 Gy followed by a superlinear region within 4–10 Gy. As regards to fading corresponding to 1 Gy, peak I is very unstable and fades within 300 s, peak II is more stable and takes up to 43200 s to fade. In comparison, peak III fades down to 30% of its initial intensity within 2400 s. Interestingly, between 2400 and 800 s, the intensity fades by 17% only. Regarding fading in α-Al2O3:C, peak I′ fades within 600 s whereas peak II′ shows an inverse fading behaviour up to 64800 s. The rate of fading for peaks I, II and III in α-Al2O3:C,Mg was found to decrease with increase in dose. However, no such behaviour was observed in α-Al2O3:C. The fading in both samples is discussed on the basis of a charge hopping mechanism.
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- Date Issued: 2017
Abortion in legal, social, and healthcare contexts
- Authors: Marecek, Jeanne , Macleod, Catriona I , Hoggart, Lesley
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68478 , vital:29262 , https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353516689521
- Description: Publisher version , From Introduction: The subject of abortion is both timely and of high relevance to feminists. In the past few months, women’s access to abortion has been contested in various parts of the world. In many countries in Latin America, the Zika outbreak raised the demand for abortions among pregnant women who had contracted (or feared contracting) the virus, with its risk of severe foetal abnormalities. In Poland, mass demonstrations by women succeeded in turning back proposed legislation prohibiting abortions. The outcome of the U.S. elections in late 2016 raised grave concerns about the future of American women’s access to abortion, which was already limited by stringent regulations and funding restrictions. We chose the title ‘‘Abortion in Context’’ to signal that we sought to publish work that moved beyond examining abortion as a ‘‘stress experience’’ encountered by individual women or as a possible precursor of mental illness. Our goal was to assemble a set of articles that would prompt readers to think critically about practices and discourses surrounding abortion. We further hoped to include work that would address the meanings and practices of abortion in the global South and among minoritized groups in the global North. We were pleased by the enthusiastic response to our Call for Papers. We note that Eklund and Purewal (2017, this issue) address abortion in China and India. Thoradeniya’s (2017, this issue) review of Abortion in Asia (Whittaker, 2010) provides a glimpse of the complex and varied practices, policies, and experiences of abortion in parts of South and Southeast Asia. Chiweshe, Mavuso, and Macleod (whose work will appear in Part 2 of the Special Issue) take up abortion in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Le Grice and Braun (whose work will also appear in Part 2), examine Maori perspectives on abortion. In this Part 1 of the Special Issue, we present work that locates abortion practices and policies in legal, social, and healthcare contexts. Women’s efforts to exercise agency with regard to bodily integrity in the context of pregnancy are shaped most obviously by the legal regulations in the jurisdictions where they live, but they are also shaped by social and cultural issues, biotechnological advances, and healthcare systems. The articles offer detailed examinations of some of these complex contextual framings of abortion.
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- Date Issued: 2017
Alex Baine's women's emancipation in Uganda: a visual archive of the history of a new generation of women in Uganda
- Authors: Tumusiime, Amanda
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/145631 , vital:38453 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1162/AFAR_a_00344
- Description: Alex Baine is a contemporary Ugandan woman artist who graduated from the Margaret Trowell School of Industrial and Fine Art (or MTSIFA) in 1989. During her final year, she painted a large work, Women's Emancipation in Uganda (Fig. 1) (1989), in which she represented women in domestic and nondomestic (conventional and unconventional) economies, spaces, and histories. Baine has not produced any other painting since her graduation. It is evident that Baine's art career, like those of several other female graduates of the Art School, has been interrupted by many issues including family, business, further education, and diversion into other professions. However, in this article I acknowledge that she championed women's emancipation in Uganda's contemporary art in the 1980s, a debate that I trace in her work.
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- Date Issued: 2017
Birds feeding on aloe nectar: do camera traps and point counts produce comparable data?
- Authors: Craig, Christie A , Hunter, Cayley , Craig, Adrian J F K , Hulley, Patrick E
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/465336 , vital:76595 , https://journals.uct.ac.za/index.php/BO/article/view/467/485
- Description: This paper represents a single season of camera trapping at aloes. We found that point counts recorded more species and therefore gave a broader picture of species diversity in the area. The differences between the two methods indicate caution in relying on just one method for this type of survey. Since camera traps focus on the aloes, they capture primarily birds feeding on nectar. The two methods should be regarded as complementary, since both an overview of the avifauna and the activity of individual species is important in analysing differences between seasons.
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- Date Issued: 2017
Community entomology: insects, science and society
- Authors: Weaver, Kim N , Hill, Jaclyn M , Martin, Grant D , Paterson, Iain D , Coetzee, Julie A , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/123343 , vital:35429 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-c859bebd5
- Description: Educative outreach programmes have been found to be effective ways in which to raise awareness around basic scientific concepts. The Biological Control Research Group (BCRG) in the Department of Zoology and Entomology at Rhodes University, South Africa, is involved in community engaged initiatives that aim to be interactive and informative around entomology, and more specifically, the use of biological control against invasive alien plants. As a higher education institution, Rhodes University has a civic responsibility to engage with local communities and work with them around local challenges. Three groups of activities undertaken by the BCRG in partnership with local schools and other community partners are described and assessed in this paper as a way of assessing them and exploring future research areas around the aims and outcomes of these programmes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Comprehensive kinetic analysis of thermoluminescence peaks of α-Al2O3: C, Mg
- Authors: Kalita, Jitumani M , Chithambo, Makaiko L
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/116142 , vital:34323 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2017.01.003
- Description: A comprehensive kinetic analysis of the glow peaks in α-Al2O3:C,Mg is reported. A thermoluminescence glow curve measured at 1 °C/s after beta irradiation to 1 Gy shows a high intensity peak hereafter referred to as the main peak at 161 °C and six lower intensity secondary peaks at 42, 72, 193, 279, 330, 370 °C respectively. For ease of reference, the secondary peaks are labelled as I, II, IV, V, VI and VII respectively and the main peak denoted peak III. Kinetic analysis of the glow peaks has been carried out using the initial rise, whole glow peak, peak shape, variable heating rate and glow curve deconvolution methods as well as by way of phosphorescence. Using Tm-Tstop, Tm-dose and phosphorescence analyses, the order of kinetics of the peaks has been evaluated as first order. Analysis by the peak shape, whole glow peak and deconvolution methods produce the same conclusion. The activation energy of peaks I through VII are calculated as ~0.83, 0.96, 1.37, 1.20, 1.15, 1.61 and 1.94 eV respectively. The frequency factors for all the peaks are of the order of 109 to 1014 s−1. The question of thermal quenching affecting the peaks was considered. The peaks III, IV and V, the only ones that could be conveniently studied in this regard, were found to be affected by thermal quenching. The activation energy for thermal quenching was calculated for peak III as 0.96±0.03 eV, for peak VI as 0.95±0.07 eV and for peak V as 1.26±0.08 eV. The thermal quenching phenomenon has been discussed with reference to F+ and F centres. An energy band model has been developed to discuss the luminescence mechanisms in α-Al2O3:C,Mg in light of finding in this work.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2017
Determination of species and instars of the larvae of the Afrotropical species of Thanatophilus Leach, 1817 (Coleoptera, Silphidae)
- Authors: Daniel, Claire A , Midgley, John M , Villet, Martin H
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/440652 , vital:73800 , https://doi.org/10.3897/ AfrInvertebr.58.12966
- Description: Thanatophilus micans and T. mutilatus have significance for forensic entomology. Their larvae are therefore described and a key is provided for identifying the larvae of Afrotropical Silphidae based on morphological characters. It is shown that seven common species of Thanatophilus can be distinguished by a 360 bp mtDNA sequence from the cytochrome oxidase I gene.
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- Date Issued: 2017
Education and the common good
- Authors: Lotz-Sisitka, Heila
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , book chapter
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/126060 , vital:35846 , ISBN 9783319513225 , https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-51322-5_5?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_content=ads&utm_campaign=SRHS_2_VB_Edu-Series-FTA-Nine#citeas , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51322-5_5
- Description: The chapter responds to a recent invitation by the UNESCO to respond to the contents of their book on the purpose of education, entitled Rethinking Education: Towards a Global Common Good? I explore the concept of the common good (as it relates to concepts of commons and commoning activity) and what it might mean to engage with commoning as an educational activity, if the commons, as argued by Amin and Howell, is to be “released” from historical descriptions of commons and commoning activity, to embrace a futures orientation. Drawing on critical realism and decolonization theory, as well as experience of working with expansive social learning, I propose that an educational theory grounded in a concept of emergence is needed in such a context.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2017
Education for sustainable development in the Namibian Biology curriculum
- Authors: Tshiningayamwe, Sirrka
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , book chapter
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/436223 , vital:73250 , ISBN 978-3-319-45989-9 , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45989-9_8
- Description: As a response to the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, Namibia has incorporated Educa-tion for Sustainable Development (ESD) into its education poli-cy. There has thus been a growing recognition of the signifi-cance of ESD across the school curriculum. However, of the various subjects taught in secondary schools, science sub-jects (especially biology) are often perceived as subjects that can make a significant contribution to ESD. Drawing on re-search that was conducted at three schools in Windhoek, this chapter will comment critically on the uptake of ESD in the Bi-ology Namibian Senior Secondary Certificate (NSSC) curricu-lum. The chapter reflects on the influence of learner-centred education in the Namibian curriculum, the challenges and suc-cesses of ESD integration in the biology curriculum and how ESD has potential to strengthen and expand policies on learn-er-centred education, helping to translate them into practices.
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- Date Issued: 2017
Estimating δ15N fractionation and adjusting the lipid correction equation using Southern African freshwater fishes
- Authors: Taylor, Geraldine C , Hill, Jaclyn M , Jackson, Michelle C , Peel, Richard A , Weyl, Olaf L F
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69124 , vital:29392 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1371/journal.pone.0178047
- Description: Stable isotope analysis is an important tool for characterising food web structure; however, interpretation of isotope data can often be flawed. For instance, lipid normalisation and trophic fractionation values are often assumed to be constant, but can vary considerably between ecosystems, species and tissues. Here, previously determined lipid normalisation equations and trophic fractionation values were re-evaluated using freshwater fish species from three rivers in the Upper Zambezian floodplain ecoregion in southern Africa. The parameters commonly used in lipid normalisation equations were not correct for the 18 model species (new D and I parameters were estimated as D = 4.46‰ [95% CI: 2.62, 4.85] and constant I = 0 [95% CI: 0, 0.17]). We suggest that future isotopic analyses on freshwater fishes use our new values if the species under consideration do not have a high lipid content in their white muscle tissue. Nitrogen fractionation values varied between species and river basin; however, the average value closely matched that calculated in previous studies on other species (δ15N fractionation factor of 3.37 ± 1.30 ‰). Here we have highlighted the need to treat stable isotope data correctly in food web studies to avoid misinterpretation of the data.
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- Date Issued: 2017
Improved Automatic Face Segmentation and Recognition for Applications with Limited Training Data
- Authors: Bradshaw, Karen L , Brown, Dane L
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , book
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/460085 , vital:75891 , ISBN 9783319582740 , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58274-0_33
- Description: This paper introduces varied pose angle, a new approach to improve face identification given large pose angles and limited training data. Face landmarks are extracted and used to normalize and segment the face. Our approach does not require face frontalization and achieves consistent results. Results are compared using frontal and non-frontal training images for Eigen and Fisher classification of various face pose angles. Fisher scales better with more training samples only with a high quality dataset. Our approach achieves promising results for three well-known face datasets.
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- Date Issued: 2017
One size does not fit all: critical insights for effective community-based resource management in Melanesia
- Authors: Aswani, Shankar , Albert, Simon , Love, Mark
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/145392 , vital:38434 , DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.03.041
- Description: In recent years, Fiji's approach of combining traditional systems of community-based coastal management and modern management systems has become a successful blueprint for marine conservation, particularly the Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA) network model. As a result of this success, conservation practitioners have imported the Fiji LMMA model to the Solomon Islands and in Vanuatu in hope of replicating the purported success attained in Fiji. This paper argues that because tenure systems and associated political systems in Fiji, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu are substantially different, one cannot simply extrapolate the more centralized tenurial and political Fiji model to the decentralized tenurial and politically eclectic Solomons and Vanuatu. This paper provides an analysis of some of the various approaches used in these countries to make a case for why socio-political diversity and historical particulars matter to resource management and conservation-in-practice (and for any development interventions).
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- Date Issued: 2017
Perceptions of Chinese and Tanzanian employees regarding intercultural collaboration
- Authors: Mayer, Claude-Hélène , Boness, Christian M , Louw, Lynette
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125542 , vital:35793 , https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v15i0.921
- Description: China’s impact and role in the development of countries in Africa, primarily through foreign direct investments and grants to governments, has increased in the past decade. For instance, the total value of trade between China and Africa was USD198.5 billion in 2012, increasing to USD385bn in 2015 (African Economic Outlook, 2014, p. 76). A growing number of Chinese private and governmental organisations are investing in southern Africa. In Tanzanian contexts, this leads to a close collaboration of Chinese and Tanzanian employees (African Economic Outlook, 2014). These collaborations in Chinese organisations in Tanzania lead to intercultural communication situations and to new intercultural experiences and perceptions.
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- Date Issued: 2017
Postcolonialism and psychology: Growing interest and promising potential
- Authors: Macleod, Catriona I , Bhatia, Sunil , Kessi, Shose
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , book chapter
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/434332 , vital:73049 , ISBN 9781473925212 , https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/the-sage-handbook-of-qualitative-research-in-psychology/book245472#description
- Description: In the first edition of this book published in 2008, we categorized postcolonial psychology as embryonic: at the time very few psychologists were using postcolonial theories and approaches to illuminate broadly psychological issues. Since then, there has been some growing interest, to which we refer below. Nevertheless, despite recent contributions to postcolonial psychology literature under the banner of critical psychology (Bhatia, 2014; Moane and Sonn, 2015; Painter, 2015; Teo, 2005) as well as a number of books tackling the psychological in relation to postcolonial theory in the last decade (Anderson et al., 2011; Bhatia, 2007; David, 2011; Good et al., 2008; Hook, 2012; Macleod, 2011; Moane, 2011), postcolonial psychology is far from being an established or significant sub-discipline of psychology. The growing interest and positive responses to some of the work (eg Parker, 2012) must, however, be seen as encouraging in demonstrating the promising potential of postcolonial approaches in psychology, particularly in the political and social conditions of the twenty-first century. By way of orienting the reader, we start this chapter by outlining some of the key tenets of postcolonialism. This must of necessity be brief and unsatisfactory, not least because postcolonialism itself is a slippery term, representing the gathering together of a variety of theoretical writings and understandings under one rubric. Despite the increasing interest in postcolonialism in psychology, there has been little systematic discussion of the implications of this approach in terms of research. We lay the foundations of this discussion by unpicking the possibilities of postcolonialism in understanding the politics of research, specifically the politics of location, the politics of representation, and the politics of practice. We go on to consider the broad research aims postcolonial psychology should address, as well as productive sites for such research. We provide examples of qualitative research in postcolonialism.
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- Date Issued: 2017