Understanding biotic interactions in invaded pond communities in the Sundays River irrigation network, South Africa
- Authors: Mofu, Lubabalo
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Mozambique tilapia -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Western mosquitofish -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Gobiidae -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Clupeidae -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Reservoirs -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Zooplankton -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Freshwater ecology -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Biotic communities -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Fishes -- Effect of temperature on -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Stable isotopes , Relative Impact Potential
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/167089 , vital:41436
- Description: The Sundays River valley irrigation ponds provide a unique opportunity to investigate biotic interactions within a biological invasions context, as they contain both native and non-native fish species. This study focusses on two native species (Glossogobius callidus and Gilchristella aestuaria) and two non-native species (Oreochromis mossambicus and Gambusia affinis). The ecology of the ponds was driven by physico-chemical variables, mainly temperature, but the interactions between fishes were a complex interplay between temperature, pond community ecology and food web structure. Seasonal changes in temperature and subsequent fluctuations in water levels resulted in changes in zooplankton community. Chlorophyll-a, temperature, G. callidus and G. affinis were the drivers of the seasonal changes in macroinvertebrate composition. Stable isotope analysis identified substantial ontogenetic dietary shifts in all species, corresponding to changes in body size. Stable isotope analysis revealed that the niche space occupied by G. affinis was broad and overlapped with that of the other three focal species. Stable isotope metrics showed that G. affinis and O. mossambicus utilised a wide range of resources compared to G. callidus and G. aestuaria. Stomach content analysis showed that G. callidus, O. mossambicus and G. affinis fed predominantly on benthic resources, while G. aestuaria fed mainly plankton resources. Functional response experiments revealed that G. callidus and G. affinis both displayed Type II functional responses. In single fish trials, G. affinis had significantly higher functional responses than G. callidus. In heterospecific G. callidus-G. affinis combinations the functional response of G. callidus was reduced by the presence of G. affinis, whereas, this combination greatly enhanced G. affinis functional response magnitudes. The functional response of G. callidus, O. mossambicus and G. affinis under two temperature treatments along with fish abundance data was used to determine temporal differences in the ecological impacts of each fish species between seasons. The relative impact potential of O. mossambicus was consistently higher than that of G. callidus and G. affinis. This study demonstrates how seasonal temperature fluctuations affect the relative impact capacities of introduced species. Overall, this thesis showed that high temperature along with life-history traits contributes to the biotic interactions between native and non-native species in novel environments.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Mofu, Lubabalo
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Mozambique tilapia -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Western mosquitofish -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Gobiidae -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Clupeidae -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Reservoirs -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Zooplankton -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Freshwater ecology -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Biotic communities -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Fishes -- Effect of temperature on -- South Africa -- Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Stable isotopes , Relative Impact Potential
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/167089 , vital:41436
- Description: The Sundays River valley irrigation ponds provide a unique opportunity to investigate biotic interactions within a biological invasions context, as they contain both native and non-native fish species. This study focusses on two native species (Glossogobius callidus and Gilchristella aestuaria) and two non-native species (Oreochromis mossambicus and Gambusia affinis). The ecology of the ponds was driven by physico-chemical variables, mainly temperature, but the interactions between fishes were a complex interplay between temperature, pond community ecology and food web structure. Seasonal changes in temperature and subsequent fluctuations in water levels resulted in changes in zooplankton community. Chlorophyll-a, temperature, G. callidus and G. affinis were the drivers of the seasonal changes in macroinvertebrate composition. Stable isotope analysis identified substantial ontogenetic dietary shifts in all species, corresponding to changes in body size. Stable isotope analysis revealed that the niche space occupied by G. affinis was broad and overlapped with that of the other three focal species. Stable isotope metrics showed that G. affinis and O. mossambicus utilised a wide range of resources compared to G. callidus and G. aestuaria. Stomach content analysis showed that G. callidus, O. mossambicus and G. affinis fed predominantly on benthic resources, while G. aestuaria fed mainly plankton resources. Functional response experiments revealed that G. callidus and G. affinis both displayed Type II functional responses. In single fish trials, G. affinis had significantly higher functional responses than G. callidus. In heterospecific G. callidus-G. affinis combinations the functional response of G. callidus was reduced by the presence of G. affinis, whereas, this combination greatly enhanced G. affinis functional response magnitudes. The functional response of G. callidus, O. mossambicus and G. affinis under two temperature treatments along with fish abundance data was used to determine temporal differences in the ecological impacts of each fish species between seasons. The relative impact potential of O. mossambicus was consistently higher than that of G. callidus and G. affinis. This study demonstrates how seasonal temperature fluctuations affect the relative impact capacities of introduced species. Overall, this thesis showed that high temperature along with life-history traits contributes to the biotic interactions between native and non-native species in novel environments.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Biology and ecology of Glossogobius callidus (Smith 1937) in irrigation impoundments in the Sundays River Valley of the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Mofu, Lubabalo
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1136 , vital:20023
- Description: The River Goby Glossogobius callidus (Smith, 1937) is a native abundant fish in both freshwater and estuarine habitats in the Cape Fold Ecoregion, yet little information is available on its life-history. This study aims to contribute to knowledge on the age and growth, reproductive biology and the diet and feeding habits of G. callidus in irrigation impoundments. Glossogobius callidus was sampled monthly from August 2013 till March 2015; from the irrigation ponds in the Sundays River Valley, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. To determine sex, gonads were visually assessed under a dissecting microscope to confirm the sex based on the shape of the urogenital papillae. Fish were then dissected to confirm sex and gonads were categorised into five macroscopic stages which were histologically validated. Microscopic stages of gonadal development were discerned based on nuclear and cytoplasmic characteristics of the oocyte or sperm. Ovaries and sperms were assigned stages based on the most advanced type of oocyte present. In total 2054 fishes ranging in length from 21.1 mm to 137.2 mm TL were sampled. The sex ratio (1.1 males: 1 females) did not differ from unity (x2 = 0.027, df = 1, p = 0.87). Length at 50% maturity (Lm) was 70 mm TL females and 72 mm TL for males. Spawning season was mid-spring and mid-summer and mean ± S.D absolute fecundity was estimated at 1028.2 ± 131.7 ova/fish. Relative fecundity (number of vitellogenic oocytes per gram of eviscerated fish mass) were estimated at 50 ± 18 ova/fish gram. Otoliths from 560 fish were used for ageing. Growth zone deposition rate was validated using edge analysis. As a unimodal periodic regression model best described the temporal proportion of opaque zone deposition on the edge of otoliths over a one-year period, growth zone deposition rate was validated as annual. The oldest female fish was a 4-year old 84.4 mm TL fish and the oldest male was a 7-year old 100.5 mm TL fish. The length-at-age for the entire population of 560 G. callidus provided von Bertalanffy parameters of Lt = 92 (1 - e -0.58(t + 0.4)) mm TL for the entire population, Lt = 70 (1 - e -1.8 (t + 0.06)) mm TL for males and Lt = 65 (1 - e -1.8 (t + 0.05)) mm TL for females. Converting length at maturity to age at maturity demonstrated that G. callidus attained maturity at an age of 2-years. Growth performance described using the phi-prime index showed that G. callidus had lower growth performance compared to the invasive Neogobius melanostomus. Using age structure, natural mortality was estimated at 1.31 yr-1 using catch curve analysis. Diet of G. callidus comprised of ten taxonomic groups. Among these, aquatic invertebrates were the most diverse group but while relative contribution of the dietary components varied across all size classes and seasons, the key prey items were consistently found in all size classes. These were Diptera, Hemiptera, Trichoptera, Odonata, Cladocera, Copepoda, Hydracarina, Amphipoda, Crustacea, and Mollusca. While dietary differences were observed between the size classes and throughout the seasons, G. callidus can be regarded as a generalist feeder preying on an array of different species. Given its abundance and diet, I suggest that G. callidus contribute considerably to the invertebrate predation pressure in these artificial aquatic environments in an arid region. In summary, medium fecundity, fast growth, moderate maturity, and a generalist feeding behaviour demonstrate that G. callidus is an equilibrium life strategist. In comparison with other species, the life-history traits of G. callidus from irrigation impoundments resemble those of other freshwater goby species, some of which are global invaders.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Mofu, Lubabalo
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1136 , vital:20023
- Description: The River Goby Glossogobius callidus (Smith, 1937) is a native abundant fish in both freshwater and estuarine habitats in the Cape Fold Ecoregion, yet little information is available on its life-history. This study aims to contribute to knowledge on the age and growth, reproductive biology and the diet and feeding habits of G. callidus in irrigation impoundments. Glossogobius callidus was sampled monthly from August 2013 till March 2015; from the irrigation ponds in the Sundays River Valley, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. To determine sex, gonads were visually assessed under a dissecting microscope to confirm the sex based on the shape of the urogenital papillae. Fish were then dissected to confirm sex and gonads were categorised into five macroscopic stages which were histologically validated. Microscopic stages of gonadal development were discerned based on nuclear and cytoplasmic characteristics of the oocyte or sperm. Ovaries and sperms were assigned stages based on the most advanced type of oocyte present. In total 2054 fishes ranging in length from 21.1 mm to 137.2 mm TL were sampled. The sex ratio (1.1 males: 1 females) did not differ from unity (x2 = 0.027, df = 1, p = 0.87). Length at 50% maturity (Lm) was 70 mm TL females and 72 mm TL for males. Spawning season was mid-spring and mid-summer and mean ± S.D absolute fecundity was estimated at 1028.2 ± 131.7 ova/fish. Relative fecundity (number of vitellogenic oocytes per gram of eviscerated fish mass) were estimated at 50 ± 18 ova/fish gram. Otoliths from 560 fish were used for ageing. Growth zone deposition rate was validated using edge analysis. As a unimodal periodic regression model best described the temporal proportion of opaque zone deposition on the edge of otoliths over a one-year period, growth zone deposition rate was validated as annual. The oldest female fish was a 4-year old 84.4 mm TL fish and the oldest male was a 7-year old 100.5 mm TL fish. The length-at-age for the entire population of 560 G. callidus provided von Bertalanffy parameters of Lt = 92 (1 - e -0.58(t + 0.4)) mm TL for the entire population, Lt = 70 (1 - e -1.8 (t + 0.06)) mm TL for males and Lt = 65 (1 - e -1.8 (t + 0.05)) mm TL for females. Converting length at maturity to age at maturity demonstrated that G. callidus attained maturity at an age of 2-years. Growth performance described using the phi-prime index showed that G. callidus had lower growth performance compared to the invasive Neogobius melanostomus. Using age structure, natural mortality was estimated at 1.31 yr-1 using catch curve analysis. Diet of G. callidus comprised of ten taxonomic groups. Among these, aquatic invertebrates were the most diverse group but while relative contribution of the dietary components varied across all size classes and seasons, the key prey items were consistently found in all size classes. These were Diptera, Hemiptera, Trichoptera, Odonata, Cladocera, Copepoda, Hydracarina, Amphipoda, Crustacea, and Mollusca. While dietary differences were observed between the size classes and throughout the seasons, G. callidus can be regarded as a generalist feeder preying on an array of different species. Given its abundance and diet, I suggest that G. callidus contribute considerably to the invertebrate predation pressure in these artificial aquatic environments in an arid region. In summary, medium fecundity, fast growth, moderate maturity, and a generalist feeding behaviour demonstrate that G. callidus is an equilibrium life strategist. In comparison with other species, the life-history traits of G. callidus from irrigation impoundments resemble those of other freshwater goby species, some of which are global invaders.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
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