The effects of environmental variability on the physiology and ecology of Cape stumpnose Rhabdosargus holubi (Steindachner, 1881) (Sparidae)
- Authors: Kisten, Yanasivan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Freshwater fishes -- South Africa , Fishes -- Ecology Freshwater fishes -- Ecology Estuarine ecology -- South Africa Estuaries -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/31424 , vital:31374
- Description: Estuaries are important nursery areas for early stages of marine estuarine-dependent fishes, such as the sparid Rhabdosargus holubi. Estuaries provide food, shelter from predators and optimal habitats and environmental conditions for growth and development. However, estuaries are environmentally dynamic and resident organisms must be able to adapt to rapid changes. Such changes are potentially further exacerbated anthropogenically by water and land use practices such as freshwater abstraction, impoundment, pollution and anthropogenically driven climatic change. An effective approach to better understanding the current and future impacts of these kinds of changes, is by assessing the environmental adaptability of organisms, especially to extreme conditions such as droughts and resulting water shortages, which are prevalent in some parts of southern Africa. This thesis examines the effect of various environmental changes such as salinity, turbidity and temperature on the ecology and physiology of a South African common endemic fish species, the Cape stumpnose, R. holubi. Previous work on the species have investigated short term impacts on physiology while this study investigates medium to short term impacts. The specie’s wide distribution in South Africa and tolerance enabled a range of environmental, ecological and physiological relationships to be tested in the context of a changing world. These included: 1) determining the relationship between environmental variability and the distribution and abundance of R. holubi larvae in 25 estuaries along the temperate coast of South Africa; 2) determining the relationship between environmental variability and the movement of larvae and juveniles within two permanently open estuaries; 3) determining the impact of shock and acclimatization on R. holubi salinity tolerance ranges under hypersaline conditions; 4) II determining the impact of hypersalinity on the potential long term impacts growth and skeletal deformities of juvenile R. holubi in aquaria. The findings of these studies suggest that larval occurrence and density within estuaries is a function of salinity and turbidity, by proxy indicating a preference for high freshwater inflow especially in estuary types such as permanently open estuaries. The movement of larvae and juveniles within these estuaries is also mediated by salinity, turbidity and temperature, indicating the importance of seasonality along with environmental conditions and potential olfactory recruitment cues driven by freshwater flow. Tolerance experiments showed that slower acclimation to higher salinities can expand the previously reported tolerance range indicating the potential for adaptation. Physiological experiments showed negative impacts on respiration at salinities exceeding 45, indicating potential long-term physiological effects in hypersaline conditions. Further, living at high salinities for extended periods may have potentially negative effects on long term physiology, particularly growth and skeletal development. The overall results indicate that low salinity (5–18), high turbidity (20–30 NTU) and high temperature (5–22°C) are integral to the distribution and abundance of the species in permanently open estuaries. This conforms to the general rule that estuarine-associated marine fish have higher growth rates in salinities of 12-19. However, juveniles are also adapted to survive at higher salinities for long periods (2 months in the current thesis). This explains why R. holubi is one of the few species in the estuarine fish community that may persist during droughts. The predicted future changes in coastal temperatures and rainfall by climate change investigators, are likely to result in range shifts and changes in recruitment times of estuarine fish communities. The current work addresses novel aspects of the ecology and physiology of R. holubi and indicates that this species will play an increasingly important role within the estuaries of South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Kisten, Yanasivan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Freshwater fishes -- South Africa , Fishes -- Ecology Freshwater fishes -- Ecology Estuarine ecology -- South Africa Estuaries -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/31424 , vital:31374
- Description: Estuaries are important nursery areas for early stages of marine estuarine-dependent fishes, such as the sparid Rhabdosargus holubi. Estuaries provide food, shelter from predators and optimal habitats and environmental conditions for growth and development. However, estuaries are environmentally dynamic and resident organisms must be able to adapt to rapid changes. Such changes are potentially further exacerbated anthropogenically by water and land use practices such as freshwater abstraction, impoundment, pollution and anthropogenically driven climatic change. An effective approach to better understanding the current and future impacts of these kinds of changes, is by assessing the environmental adaptability of organisms, especially to extreme conditions such as droughts and resulting water shortages, which are prevalent in some parts of southern Africa. This thesis examines the effect of various environmental changes such as salinity, turbidity and temperature on the ecology and physiology of a South African common endemic fish species, the Cape stumpnose, R. holubi. Previous work on the species have investigated short term impacts on physiology while this study investigates medium to short term impacts. The specie’s wide distribution in South Africa and tolerance enabled a range of environmental, ecological and physiological relationships to be tested in the context of a changing world. These included: 1) determining the relationship between environmental variability and the distribution and abundance of R. holubi larvae in 25 estuaries along the temperate coast of South Africa; 2) determining the relationship between environmental variability and the movement of larvae and juveniles within two permanently open estuaries; 3) determining the impact of shock and acclimatization on R. holubi salinity tolerance ranges under hypersaline conditions; 4) II determining the impact of hypersalinity on the potential long term impacts growth and skeletal deformities of juvenile R. holubi in aquaria. The findings of these studies suggest that larval occurrence and density within estuaries is a function of salinity and turbidity, by proxy indicating a preference for high freshwater inflow especially in estuary types such as permanently open estuaries. The movement of larvae and juveniles within these estuaries is also mediated by salinity, turbidity and temperature, indicating the importance of seasonality along with environmental conditions and potential olfactory recruitment cues driven by freshwater flow. Tolerance experiments showed that slower acclimation to higher salinities can expand the previously reported tolerance range indicating the potential for adaptation. Physiological experiments showed negative impacts on respiration at salinities exceeding 45, indicating potential long-term physiological effects in hypersaline conditions. Further, living at high salinities for extended periods may have potentially negative effects on long term physiology, particularly growth and skeletal development. The overall results indicate that low salinity (5–18), high turbidity (20–30 NTU) and high temperature (5–22°C) are integral to the distribution and abundance of the species in permanently open estuaries. This conforms to the general rule that estuarine-associated marine fish have higher growth rates in salinities of 12-19. However, juveniles are also adapted to survive at higher salinities for long periods (2 months in the current thesis). This explains why R. holubi is one of the few species in the estuarine fish community that may persist during droughts. The predicted future changes in coastal temperatures and rainfall by climate change investigators, are likely to result in range shifts and changes in recruitment times of estuarine fish communities. The current work addresses novel aspects of the ecology and physiology of R. holubi and indicates that this species will play an increasingly important role within the estuaries of South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Atlas of Southern African freshwater fishes
- Scott, L E P, Skelton, P H, Booth, A J, Verheust, L, Dooley, J, Harris, R
- Authors: Scott, L E P , Skelton, P H , Booth, A J , Verheust, L , Dooley, J , Harris, R
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Freshwater fishes -- South Africa , Freshwater fishes -- Africa, Southern , Freshwater fishes -- Africa, Southern -- Identification
- Language: English
- Type: text , book
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/199097 , vital:46068
- Description: Worldwide concern over the loss of biological diversity during the past decade has provided the impetus for the development of biodiversity databases and biological atlas projects in order to make information accessible. This Geographic Information Systems-based Atlas of Southern African Freshwater Fishes is the first of its kind for fishes in Africa and, as such, can be seen as contributing towards this global trend of consolidation and refining of biodiversity information. The technological advances made in computing systems over the past decade have facilitated the extraction and utilisation of much of the untapped information in museum collections. The size of most natural history collections had tended to prohibit any comprehensive applied use of the specimens on a large scale, but the computerisation of these collections has proved to be an invaluable tool to systematists, taxonomists and ecologists, by allowing faster and more efficient access to specimen record data of interest. With the automation of many biological databases, public attention has been brought to their potential contribution to biodiversity studies and conservation efforts around the world. The application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the field of southern African ichthyology and freshwater fisheries management has been limited, until now, by the lack of good-quality, comprehensive data sets, adequate budgets and GIS skills. Sophisticated investigations of fish distributions for conservation and management purposes need a powerful computing platform. This is realised in the Atlas of Southern African Freshwater Fishes, which has been tested and used for biogeographic analysis in the southern African region. The atlas was established using specimen records from nineteen museum collections, and currently contains 35145 geo-referenced specimen records, collected between 1885 and 2000 in eleven countries of southern Africa, which represent 254 fish species from 37 families. The Atlas of Southern African Freshwater Fishes was developed with the objective of being a dynamic, powerful information system. It has been constructed to allow the import of additional information at any stage, and it is designed to be as accessible and as user-friendly as current technology allows. This Atlas is the product of the successful integration of fish distributional information with other spatial data layers to provide a new tool for the study of freshwater fish in southern Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Scott, L E P , Skelton, P H , Booth, A J , Verheust, L , Dooley, J , Harris, R
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Freshwater fishes -- South Africa , Freshwater fishes -- Africa, Southern , Freshwater fishes -- Africa, Southern -- Identification
- Language: English
- Type: text , book
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/199097 , vital:46068
- Description: Worldwide concern over the loss of biological diversity during the past decade has provided the impetus for the development of biodiversity databases and biological atlas projects in order to make information accessible. This Geographic Information Systems-based Atlas of Southern African Freshwater Fishes is the first of its kind for fishes in Africa and, as such, can be seen as contributing towards this global trend of consolidation and refining of biodiversity information. The technological advances made in computing systems over the past decade have facilitated the extraction and utilisation of much of the untapped information in museum collections. The size of most natural history collections had tended to prohibit any comprehensive applied use of the specimens on a large scale, but the computerisation of these collections has proved to be an invaluable tool to systematists, taxonomists and ecologists, by allowing faster and more efficient access to specimen record data of interest. With the automation of many biological databases, public attention has been brought to their potential contribution to biodiversity studies and conservation efforts around the world. The application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the field of southern African ichthyology and freshwater fisheries management has been limited, until now, by the lack of good-quality, comprehensive data sets, adequate budgets and GIS skills. Sophisticated investigations of fish distributions for conservation and management purposes need a powerful computing platform. This is realised in the Atlas of Southern African Freshwater Fishes, which has been tested and used for biogeographic analysis in the southern African region. The atlas was established using specimen records from nineteen museum collections, and currently contains 35145 geo-referenced specimen records, collected between 1885 and 2000 in eleven countries of southern Africa, which represent 254 fish species from 37 families. The Atlas of Southern African Freshwater Fishes was developed with the objective of being a dynamic, powerful information system. It has been constructed to allow the import of additional information at any stage, and it is designed to be as accessible and as user-friendly as current technology allows. This Atlas is the product of the successful integration of fish distributional information with other spatial data layers to provide a new tool for the study of freshwater fish in southern Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Biomonitoring in two contrasting catchments
- Authors: Maseti, Pumza Penelope
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Water quality biological assessment -- South Africa , Water quality management -- South Africa , Rivers -- South Africa , Freshwater fishes -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:6034 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006175 , Water quality biological assessment -- South Africa , Water quality management -- South Africa , Rivers -- South Africa , Freshwater fishes -- South Africa
- Description: The introduction of instream biological monitoring to water resources management has been an increasing trend world-wide. This monitoring uses biological field assessments of instream biota such as macroinvertebrates, fish and riparian vegetation as an integrated and sensitive tool for diagnosing the condition of the ecosystems and assessing ecological impacts. Biomonitoring information has become an important component in the overall assessment of water resources and is used to drive and direct processes of decision-making and management of water resources. The River Health Programme (RHP) was initiated in South Africa to serve as a source of information regarding the ecological status of river systems, in order to support rational management of these natural resources. In this study, biomonitoring indices (SASS5 and FAII) were used to assess the present ecological status of two rivers located in contrasting catchments of the Eastern Cape. The first river is the Buffalo River located in an urban and industrialized catchment. The second river is the Inxu River draining a rural and afforested catchment. SASS5 was used successfully in both rivers and the results based on water quality and SASS5 indicated that most sites selected on the upper catchment of the Buffalo River have a fair water quality with most sites selected on the lower catchment having a poor water quality. The Inxu River sites (both upper and lower catchment) based on SASS5 and water quality results have a good to fair water quality. The majority of sites sampled on both rivers systems had very low FAII scores and fell within a critically modified water quality category. This result may be due to the fact that these rivers have low fish diversities (either low natural diversity or low diversity due to the presence of alien fish species), poor water quality or inadequate sampling methods. Observations from this study suggest that this index may not be suitable for rivers with low fish diversity. A fish index that is usable to all ecoregions of South Africa with minor adaptations to suit local conditions is still needed, as the present FAII index does not meet these requirements.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Maseti, Pumza Penelope
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Water quality biological assessment -- South Africa , Water quality management -- South Africa , Rivers -- South Africa , Freshwater fishes -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:6034 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006175 , Water quality biological assessment -- South Africa , Water quality management -- South Africa , Rivers -- South Africa , Freshwater fishes -- South Africa
- Description: The introduction of instream biological monitoring to water resources management has been an increasing trend world-wide. This monitoring uses biological field assessments of instream biota such as macroinvertebrates, fish and riparian vegetation as an integrated and sensitive tool for diagnosing the condition of the ecosystems and assessing ecological impacts. Biomonitoring information has become an important component in the overall assessment of water resources and is used to drive and direct processes of decision-making and management of water resources. The River Health Programme (RHP) was initiated in South Africa to serve as a source of information regarding the ecological status of river systems, in order to support rational management of these natural resources. In this study, biomonitoring indices (SASS5 and FAII) were used to assess the present ecological status of two rivers located in contrasting catchments of the Eastern Cape. The first river is the Buffalo River located in an urban and industrialized catchment. The second river is the Inxu River draining a rural and afforested catchment. SASS5 was used successfully in both rivers and the results based on water quality and SASS5 indicated that most sites selected on the upper catchment of the Buffalo River have a fair water quality with most sites selected on the lower catchment having a poor water quality. The Inxu River sites (both upper and lower catchment) based on SASS5 and water quality results have a good to fair water quality. The majority of sites sampled on both rivers systems had very low FAII scores and fell within a critically modified water quality category. This result may be due to the fact that these rivers have low fish diversities (either low natural diversity or low diversity due to the presence of alien fish species), poor water quality or inadequate sampling methods. Observations from this study suggest that this index may not be suitable for rivers with low fish diversity. A fish index that is usable to all ecoregions of South Africa with minor adaptations to suit local conditions is still needed, as the present FAII index does not meet these requirements.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
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